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Species |
Alpha Code* |
Safe date start** |
Safe date end |
Habitat |
(Slate-colored Junco) Dark-eyed Junco |
SCJU | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Edges of northern mixed forests |
(unid. Myrtle/Audubon's) Yellow-rumped Warbler |
UYRW | 6 / 1 |
8 / 20 | |
(Yellow-shafted Flicker) Northern Flicker |
YSFL | 5 / 10 |
8 / 25 | Open woods, scattered trees, edges |
Acadian Flycatcher |
ACFL | 5 / 25 |
8 / 5 | Moist woods, bottomlands |
Alder Flycatcher |
ALFL | 6 / 10 |
7 / 20 | Wet brushy areas, prefers alders |
American Bittern |
AMBI | 5 / 20 |
8 / 15 | Tall marshes, wet fields |
American Black Duck |
ABDU | 5 / 20 |
7 / 31 | High ground near water, often woods |
American Coot |
AMCO | 6 / 10 |
8 / 25 | Marshes with open water |
American Crow |
AMCR | 4 / 20 |
8 / 31 | Open areas, edges, farms, parks |
American Goldfinch |
AMGO | 6 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Brushy fields, edges, hedgerows |
American Kestrel |
AMKE | 5 / 15 |
7 / 15 | Open country, scattered trees, edge |
American Oystercatcher |
AMOY | 5 / 15 |
7 / 25 | Sandy ocean beaches, fresh spoil |
American Redstart |
AMRE | 6 / 10 |
7 / 20 | Moist, deciduous forest |
American Robin |
AMRO | 5 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Everywhere, except very urban areas |
American Woodcock |
AMWO | 4 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Upland forest edges |
Bachman's Sparrow |
BACS | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Brushy fields, often with pines |
Bald Eagle |
BAEA | 4 / 15 |
8 / 5 | Tall trees near lakes, marshes, rivers |
Baltimore Oriole |
BAOR | 6 / 1 |
7 / 25 | Shade trees, open deciduous woods |
Bank Swallow |
BANS | 6 / 1 |
6 / 20 | Near water with steep banks, colonial |
Barn Owl |
BANO | 4 / 15 |
9 / 30 | Open country, near structures |
Barn Swallow |
BARS | 5 / 25 |
6 / 25 | Open country near buildings, bridges |
Barred Owl |
BADO | 1 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Bottomlands, swamps, moist woods |
Belted Kingfisher |
BEKI | 4 / 10 |
7 / 20 | Along streams, or lakes with banks |
Bewick's Wren |
BEWR | 5 / 10 |
8 / 31 | Open woods, thickets, near residences |
Black Rail |
BLRA | 5 / 1 |
8 / 15 | Brackish marshes |
Black Skimmer |
BLSK | 5 / 25 |
7 / 5 | Beaches, coastal islands |
Black Vulture |
BLVU | 5 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Woods, cliffs, caves, buildings |
Black-and-white Warbler |
BAWW | 5 / 15 |
7 / 25 | Extensive deciduous or mixed woods |
Black-billed Cuckoo |
BBCU | 6 / 20 |
7 / 20 | Variety of forest habitats, edges |
Black-capped Chickadee |
BCCH | 5 / 1 |
9 / 20 | Variety of woodland. habitats, suburbs |
Black-crowned Night-Heron |
BCNH | 5 / 10 |
6 / 30 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Black-necked Stilt |
BNST | 5 / 15 |
7 / 15 | |
Black-throated Blue Warbler |
BTBW | 6 / 5 |
8 / 5 | Mixed woods with heavy understory |
Black-throated Green Warbler |
BTNW | 6 / 10 |
8 / 5 | Northern coniferous or mixed woods |
Blackburnian Warbler |
BLBW | 6 / 10 |
7 / 31 | Northern coniferous or mixed woods |
Blue Grosbeak |
BLGR | 5 / 25 |
8 / 10 | Thickets, hedgerows and edges |
Blue Jay |
BLJA | 6 / 10 |
9 / 5 | Variety of woodland habitats, suburbs |
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher |
BGGN | 5 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Woodlands near streams |
Blue-headed Vireo |
BHVI | 6 / 1 |
8 / 20 | Coniferous or mixed woodlands |
Blue-winged Teal |
BWTE | 6 / 5 |
7 / 5 | High ground near water |
Blue-winged Warbler |
BWWA | 5 / 25 |
7 / 20 | Brushy fields, wood edges |
Boat-tailed Grackle |
BTGR | 4 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Brushy, open woods, near salt water |
Bobolink |
BOBO | 6 / 15 |
6 / 30 | Fields, meadows, pastures |
Bonaparte's Gull |
BOGU | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
Broad-winged Hawk |
BWHA | 6 / 15 |
8 / 10 | Hilly woodlands |
Brown Creeper |
BRCR | 5 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Deep woods, flooded woods |
Brown Pelican |
BRPE | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Shrubby marsh island |
Brown Thrasher |
BRTH | 5 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Dense thickets, shrubs, hedgerows |
Brown-headed Cowbird |
BHCO | 5 / 1 |
7 / 10 | Everywhere, except urban areas |
Brown-headed Nuthatch |
BHNU | 3 / 20 |
8 / 15 | Loblolly pine forests |
Bufflehead |
BUFF | / |
/ | |
Canada Goose |
CANG | 5 / 10 |
7 / 31 | Shore or islands in any water body |
Canada Warbler |
CAWA | 6 / 10 |
7 / 15 | Thick, moist forest undergrowth |
Canvasback |
CANV | / |
/ | |
Carolina Chickadee |
CACH | 3 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Variety of woodland. habitats, suburbs |
Carolina Wren |
CARW | 3 / 1 |
9 / 30 | Wood edges, thickets, near residences |
Caspian Tern |
CATE | / |
/ | |
Cattle Egret |
CAEG | 5 / 20 |
6 / 20 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Cedar Waxwing |
CEDW | 6 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Open woodland, shade trees, streams |
Cerulean Warbler |
CERW | 5 / 25 |
8 / 5 | Mature moist or riverside forests |
Chestnut-sided Warbler |
CSWA | 6 / 1 |
8 / 10 | Brushy, open second-growth, edges |
Chimney Swift |
CHSW | 5 / 15 |
8 / 10 | Primarily in towns |
Chipping Sparrow |
CHSP | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Farms, open mixed woods, suburbs |
Chuck-will's-widow |
CWWI | 5 / 1 |
8 / 10 | Dry open upland woods |
Clapper Rail |
CLRA | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Salt and brackish marshes |
Clay-colored Sparrow |
CCSP | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | |
Cliff Swallow |
CLSW | 6 / 1 |
6 / 25 | Open country near buildings, bridges |
Common Gallinule |
COGA | 5 / 20 |
8 / 31 | Marshes with open water |
Common Grackle |
COGR | 4 / 15 |
6 / 30 | Suburbs, farmland |
Common Loon |
COLO | / |
/ | |
Common Merganser |
COME | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
Common Nighthawk |
CONI | 6 / 5 |
7 / 15 | Barren country and flat roofs |
Common Raven |
CORA | 4 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Mountainous, remote regions |
Common Tern |
COTE | 6 / 5 |
6 / 30 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Common Yellowthroat |
COYE | 5 / 25 |
8 / 10 | Brushy areas, preferably wet |
Cooper's Hawk |
COHA | 5 / 20 |
7 / 31 | Mixed woodlands, groves |
Dickcissel |
DICK | 6 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Open country, especially alfalfa |
Double-crested Cormorant |
DCCO | 6 / 10 |
6 / 30 | |
Downy Woodpecker |
DOWO | 3 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Variety of wodlots. and edge habitats |
Eastern Bluebird |
EABL | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Wood edges, farmlands |
Eastern Kingbird |
EAKI | 5 / 25 |
7 / 5 | Open areas, edges, often near water |
Eastern Meadowlark |
EAME | 4 / 25 |
9 / 10 | Hayfields, pastures |
Eastern Phoebe |
EAPH | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Near water, bridges, buildings |
Eastern Screech-Owl |
EASO | 4 / 1 |
8 / 15 | Open woods, orchards |
Eastern Towhee |
EATO | 5 / 20 |
8 / 31 | Dry open woodlands, edges, brush |
Eastern Wood-Pewee |
EAWP | 6 / 1 |
8 / 15 | Variety of woodland habitats |
Eurasian Collared-Dove |
EUCD | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
European Starling |
EUST | 4 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Everywhere |
Field Sparrow |
FISP | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Brushy, weedy fields, hedgerows |
Fish Crow |
FICR | 5 / 10 |
8 / 31 | Wood edges, farms, tidewater areas |
Forster's Tern |
FOTE | 5 / 15 |
6 / 25 | Salt marshes |
Gadwall |
GADW | 5 / 20 |
8 / 20 | High ground near water |
Glossy Ibis |
GLIB | 5 / 20 |
6 / 30 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Golden-crowned Kinglet |
GCKI | 5 / 20 |
9 / 10 | Northern coniferous forests |
Golden-winged Warbler |
GWWA | 5 / 25 |
7 / 20 | Damp, brushy fields, wood edges |
Grasshopper Sparrow |
GRSP | 5 / 25 |
8 / 31 | Hayfields, grassy pastures |
Gray Catbird |
GRCA | 5 / 25 |
8 / 31 | Dense thickets, shrubs, hedgerows |
Great Black-backed Gull |
GBBG | 6 / 5 |
7 / 10 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Great Blue Heron |
GBHE | 5 / 15 |
6 / 30 | Wooded swamps, beaver ponds, islands |
Great Crested Flycatcher |
GCFL | 5 / 25 |
7 / 31 | Variety of woodland habitats |
Great Egret |
GREG | 5 / 20 |
6 / 20 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Great Horned Owl |
GHOW | 12 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Most upland woodland types |
Green Heron |
GRHE | 5 / 1 |
7 / 15 | Woods near marshes or open water |
Green-winged Teal |
GWTE | 6 / 1 |
6 / 30 | High ground near water |
Gull-billed Tern |
GBTE | 5 / 15 |
7 / 5 | Beaches, coastal islands |
Hairy Woodpecker |
HAWO | 3 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Deep woods, primarily deciduous |
Henslow's Sparrow |
HESP | 5 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Weedy fields, wet meadows |
Hermit Thrush |
HETH | 5 / 25 |
9 / 15 | Damp forests, with hemlocks |
Herring Gull |
HERG | 6 / 5 |
7 / 10 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Hooded Merganser |
HOME | 5 / 20 |
8 / 31 | Wooded swamps, fresh marshes, streams |
Hooded Warbler |
HOWA | 5 / 25 |
7 / 25 | Moist forests with dense understory |
Horned Grebe |
HOGR | / |
/ | |
Horned Lark |
HOLA | 4 / 10 |
9 / 5 | Most short-grass areas |
House Finch |
HOFI | 5 / 1 |
7 / 15 | Residential, especially evergreens |
House Sparrow |
HOSP | 2 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Cities, farms, parks, suburbs |
House Wren |
HOWR | 5 / 20 |
8 / 15 | Open woods, dead trees, suburbs |
Indigo Bunting |
INBU | 5 / 25 |
8 / 15 | Edges, open forest, brush areas |
Kentucky Warbler |
KEWA | 5 / 25 |
7 / 15 | Moist deciduous woods, understory |
Killdeer |
KILL | 4 / 20 |
6 / 25 | Most open, sparsely vegetated areas |
King Rail |
KIRA | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Fresh and brackish marshes |
Lark Sparrow |
LASP | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Grass with low shrubs & open ground |
Laughing Gull |
LAGU | 6 / 5 |
7 / 10 | Salt marshes |
Least Bittern |
LEBI | 5 / 20 |
7 / 31 | Fresh and brackish water marshes |
Least Flycatcher |
LEFL | 6 / 5 |
7 / 20 | Wood edges, open deciduous woods |
Least Tern |
LETE | 5 / 25 |
7 / 5 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Lesser Scaup |
LESC | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
Little Blue Heron |
LBHE | 5 / 20 |
6 / 20 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Loggerhead Shrike |
LOSH | 5 / 10 |
7 / 20 | Open country, hedgerows, cedars |
Long-eared Owl |
LEOW | 5 / 1 |
9 / 30 | Evergreen forest |
Louisiana Waterthrush |
LOWA | 5 / 1 |
7 / 10 | Rocky streams, sluggish backwaters |
Magnolia Warbler |
MAWA | 6 / 10 |
8 / 5 | Northern coniferous forests |
Mallard |
MALL | 5 / 15 |
8 / 20 | High ground near water, often woods |
Marsh Wren |
MAWR | 5 / 25 |
8 / 25 | Cattail and other tall marshes |
Mississippi Kite |
MIKI | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
Monk Parakeet |
MOPA | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
Mourning Dove |
MODO | 4 / 15 |
7 / 20 | Suburbs, woodlots, farmland |
Mourning Warbler |
MOWA | 6 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Brushy areas in woodlands or edges |
Mute Swan |
MUSW | 5 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Shore or islands in any water body |
Nashville Warbler |
NAWA | 5 / 25 |
8 / 15 | Swamp and bog areas |
Northern Bobwhite |
NOBO | 4 / 15 |
9 / 30 | Farmlands, near edge and hedgerows |
Northern Cardinal |
NOCA | 3 / 15 |
9 / 30 | Edge, brush. parks, suburbs |
Northern Goshawk |
NOGO | 4 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Large mature mixed woodlands |
Northern Harrier |
NOHA | 5 / 20 |
7 / 25 | Marshes, wet pastures and meadows |
Northern Mockingbird |
NOMO | 4 / 1 |
9 / 10 | Open country, hedgerows, suburbs |
Northern Parula |
NOPA | 6 / 1 |
8 / 15 | Moist woods, bottomlands, spruces |
Northern Pintail |
NOPI | / |
/ | |
Northern Rough-winged Swallow |
NRWS | 5 / 25 |
6 / 20 | Near water with steep banks |
Northern Saw-whet Owl |
NSWO | 5 / 5 |
9 / 10 | Mixed, moist woods, with conifers |
Northern Shoveler |
NSHO | 6 / 1 |
6 / 30 | |
Northern Waterthrush |
NOWA | 6 / 5 |
7 / 15 | Swamps and bogs, pond edges |
Olive-sided Flycatcher |
OSFL | 6 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Northern conifers |
Orchard Oriole |
OROR | 6 / 1 |
7 / 5 | Edges, hedgerows, scattered trees |
Osprey |
OSPR | 6 / 1 |
8 / 15 | Marshes, tidal water bodies, channel markers |
Ovenbird |
OVEN | 5 / 20 |
8 / 5 | Open mature mixed upland forest |
Peregrine Falcon |
PEFA | 5 / 20 |
8 / 15 | Cliffs, buildings, bridges |
Pied-billed Grebe |
PBGR | 5 / 20 |
7 / 10 | Marshy or weedy ponds |
Pileated Woodpecker |
PIWO | 3 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Deep woods, some secondary growth |
Pine Siskin |
PISI | 6 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Northern conifers |
Pine Warbler |
PIWA | 4 / 25 |
8 / 10 | Variety of pine forests |
Piping Plover |
PIPL | 5 / 15 |
7 / 20 | Sandy ocean beaches |
Prairie Warbler |
PRAW | 5 / 25 |
7 / 20 | Brushy fields, edges, small pines |
Prothonotary Warbler |
PROW | 5 / 10 |
7 / 20 | Swamps, bottomlands |
Purple Finch |
PUFI | 6 / 1 |
8 / 10 | Mixed woods, parklands, residential |
Purple Gallinule |
PUGA | 6 / 20 |
7 / 31 | Shrubby swamps |
Purple Martin |
PUMA | 6 / 1 |
6 / 25 | Open country, colonial |
Red Crossbill |
RECR | / |
/ | |
Red-bellied Woodpecker |
RBWO | 3 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Variety of woodland habitats |
Red-breasted Merganser |
RBME | / |
/ | |
Red-breasted Nuthatch |
RBNU | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Coniferous or mixed woods |
Red-cockaded Woodpecker |
RCWO | 3 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Loblolly pines |
Red-eyed Vireo |
REVI | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Variety of woodland habitats |
Red-headed Woodpecker |
RHWO | 5 / 25 |
8 / 20 | Open country with scattered trees |
Red-shouldered Hawk |
RSHA | 5 / 10 |
8 / 20 | Wet mixed forests, swamps |
Red-tailed Hawk |
RTHA | 5 / 10 |
8 / 20 | Mature forests, often near edges |
Red-winged Blackbird |
RWBL | 5 / 1 |
7 / 10 | Marshes, ponds, meadows, hayfields |
Redhead |
REDH | / |
/ | |
Ring-billed Gull |
RBGU | / |
/ | |
Ring-necked Duck |
RNDU | 5 / 20 |
8 / 15 | |
Ring-necked Pheasant |
RNEP | 4 / 15 |
9 / 30 | Open country, pastures, fields |
Rock Pigeon |
ROPI | 1 / 1 |
12 / 31 | Cities, suburbs, farms, bridges |
Rose-breasted Grosbeak |
RBGR | 6 / 15 |
8 / 10 | Edges of moist deciduous woods |
Roseate Tern |
ROST | 5 / 25 |
7 / 5 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Royal Tern |
ROYT | 5 / 25 |
7 / 5 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Ruby-throated Hummingbird |
RTHU | 5 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Open woodlands, edges |
Ruddy Duck |
RUDU | 6 / 10 |
8 / 25 | Dense marshes with open water |
Ruffed Grouse |
RUGR | 4 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Mixed upland woods |
Saltmarsh Sparrow |
SALS | 6 / 1 |
8 / 10 | Salt marshes |
Sandwich Tern |
SATE | 5 / 25 |
7 / 5 | Beaches, coastal islands, spoil areas |
Savannah Sparrow |
SAVS | 6 / 5 |
8 / 31 | Hayfields, wet meadows, pastures |
Scarlet Tanager |
SCTA | 5 / 25 |
8 / 10 | Mature deciduous forests |
Seaside Sparrow |
SESP | 6 / 1 |
8 / 10 | Salt marshes |
Sedge Wren |
SEWR | 6 / 10 |
9 / 20 | Wet meadows, marshes |
Sharp-shinned Hawk |
SSHA | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Conifers in extensive woodlands |
Short-eared Owl |
SEOW | 5 / 1 |
9 / 30 | Open pastureland, marshes, meadows |
Snow Goose |
SNGO | 6 / 1 |
7 / 30 | |
Snowy Egret |
SNEG | 5 / 20 |
6 / 30 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Song Sparrow |
SOSP | 5 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Brushy fields, marsh edges, suburbs |
Sora |
SORA | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Fresh marshes, wet meadows |
Spotted Sandpiper |
SPSA | 6 / 10 |
6 / 30 | Beaches or rocky streams |
Summer Tanager |
SUTA | 6 / 5 |
8 / 10 | Mixed dry upland woods |
Surf Scoter |
SUSC | / |
/ | |
Swainson's Thrush |
SWTH | 6 / 10 |
8 / 10 | Northern conifers, esp. spruce |
Swainson's Warbler |
SWWA | 4 / 20 |
8 / 31 | Brushy, moist forest |
Swallow-tailed Kite |
STKI | / |
/ | |
Swamp Sparrow |
SWSP | 6 / 1 |
7 / 31 | Marshes, wet brushy areas, bogs |
Tree Swallow |
TRES | 5 / 25 |
6 / 25 | Open country near water |
Tricolored Heron |
TRHE | 5 / 20 |
6 / 30 | Shrubs, trees near tidal water |
Trumpeter Swan |
TRUS | / |
/ | |
Tufted Titmouse |
TUTI | 3 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Variety of woodland. habitats, suburbs |
Turkey Vulture |
TUVU | 5 / 15 |
8 / 20 | Woods, cliffs, caves, buildings |
unid. Mexican / Eastern Whip-poor-will |
WPWI | 5 / 10 |
7 / 15 | Dry open upland woods |
unid. Pacific Wren / Winter Wren |
UPWW | 5 / 20 |
8 / 31 | Moist woods with hemlocks |
Upland Sandpiper |
UPSA | 5 / 20 |
6 / 25 | Open grasslands and meadows |
Veery |
VEER | 6 / 10 |
8 / 10 | Moist mixed woods |
Vesper Sparrow |
VESP | 5 / 15 |
8 / 31 | Short grass areas, cultivated fields |
Virginia Rail |
VIRA | 5 / 20 |
8 / 15 | Fresh and brackish marshes |
Warbling Vireo |
WAVI | 6 / 10 |
8 / 10 | Open deciduous or riverside woods |
Western Kingbird |
WEKI | / |
/ | |
White Ibis |
WHIB | / |
/ | |
White-breasted Nuthatch |
WBNU | 5 / 10 |
8 / 15 | Variety of woodland habitats, suburbs |
White-eyed Vireo |
WEVI | 5 / 25 |
8 / 15 | Brushy areas, often near water |
White-throated Sparrow |
WTSP | 6 / 10 |
7 / 31 | Brushy openings |
Wild Turkey |
WITU | 4 / 15 |
9 / 30 | Mature deciduous forests, edges |
Willet |
WILL | 6 / 10 |
7 / 1 | Salt marshes |
Willow Flycatcher |
WIFL | 6 / 10 |
7 / 20 | Wet to fairly dry brushy areas |
Wilson's Plover |
WIPL | 5 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Sandy ocean beaches |
Wilson's Snipe |
WISN | 6 / 1 |
7 / 15 | |
Wood Duck |
WODU | 4 / 20 |
8 / 15 | Wooded swamps, fresh marshes, streams |
Wood Thrush |
WOTH | 5 / 25 |
8 / 20 | Variety of woodland habitats |
Worm-eating Warbler |
WEWA | 5 / 20 |
7 / 20 | Deep deciduous woods |
Yellow Warbler |
YEWA | 6 / 1 |
7 / 10 | Wet brushy areas, farmlands |
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker |
YBSA | 6 / 1 |
8 / 31 | Mixed woods, swamps, bogs |
Yellow-billed Cuckoo |
YBCU | 6 / 15 |
7 / 31 | Variety of forest habitats, edges |
Yellow-breasted Chat |
YBCH | 5 / 25 |
8 / 5 | Brushy fields, thickets, wood edges |
Yellow-crowned Night-Heron |
YCNH | 4 / 20 |
6 / 30 | Wooded habitats, usually near water |
Yellow-throated Vireo |
YTVI | 5 / 25 |
8 / 15 | Tall deciduous trees |
Yellow-throated Warbler |
YTWA | 5 / 1 |
7 / 15 | Loblolly pines, sycamores |
|
* Alpha Codes are also known as 'banding codes' (not AOU codes, which are numeric)
** Safe dates represent a window when a singing male is assumed not to be in migration, and
therefore on territory. Some atlases do not use safe dates, because they prefer
(given present knowledge) not to assume migration or territorial status of all individuals.
Safe dates generally apply to the Possible breeding category only when used.
|