Managers' Monitoring Manual | References for Setting Sample Size


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References for setting sample size

1.	Andren, H. 1996. Population responses to habitat fragmentation: statistical power and the random sample hypothesis. Oikos 76(2): 235-242.
2.	Beier, P. and S. C. Cunningham. 1996. Power of track surveys to detect changes in cougar populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(3): 540-546.
3.	Benn, G. A., A. C. Kemp, and K. S. Begg. 1995. The distribution, size, and trends of the saddlebilled stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) population in South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 25(3): 98-105.
4.	Borenstein, M., J. Cohen, and H. R. Rothstein. 1992. A visual approach to statistical power analysis on the microcomputer. Behavior research methods, instruments, and comput 24(4): 565-.
5.	Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Academic Press, New York, 2nd ed.
6.	Cohen, J. 1992. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112: 155-159.
7.	Cyr, H., J. A. Downing, S. Lalonde, S. Baines, and M. L. Pace. 1992. Sampling larval fish populations: choice of sample number and size. Trans. Of the American Fisheries Society 121: 356-368.
8.	de la Mare, W. K. 1984. On the power of catch per unit effort series to detect declines in whale stocks. Rep. of the Int. Whaling Comm. 34: 655-661.
9.	Dixon, P. M., and K. A. Garrett. 1993. Statistical issues for field experimenters. Pp. 439-450 In R. J. Kendall and T. E. Lacher, Jr. (Eds.), Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
10.	Downing, J. A. and W. L. Downing. 1992. Spatial aggregation, precision, and power in surveys of freshwater mussel populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49(5): 985-991.
11.	Eberhardt, L. L. 1978. Appraising variability in population studies. Journal of Wildlife Management 42: 207-238.
12.	Edwards, E. F. and P. C. Perkins. 1992. Power to detect linear trends in dolphin abundance: estimates from tuna-vessel observer data, 1975-89. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin 90(3): 625-631.
13.	Eggeman, D. R., F. A. Johnson, M. J. Conroy, and D. H. Brakhage. 1997. Evaluation of an aerial quadrat survey for monitoring wintering duck populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 403-412.
14.	Fairweather, P. G. 1991. Statistical power and design requirements for environmental monitoring. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42: 555-567.
15.	Gerard, P. D., D. R. Smith, and G. Weerakkody. 1998. Limits of retrospective power analysis. Journal of Wildlife Management 62(2): 801-807.
16.	Gerrodette, T. 1987. A power analysis for detecting trends. Ecology 68(5): 1364-1372.
17.	Gerrodette, T. 1991. Models for power of detecting trends--a reply to Link and Hatfield. Ecology 72(5): 1889-1892.
18.	Gerrodette, T. 1993. TRENDS: software for a power analysis of linear regression. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 21: 1889-1892.
19.	Gibbs, J. P. 1996. Sampling requirements for detecting trends in amphibian populations (http://www.im.nbs.gov/naamp3/papers/16t.html). Presentation given at the Third Annual Meeting of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP), http://www.im.nbs.gov/naamp3/naamp3.html.
20.	Gibbs, J. P., and S. M. Melvin. (In press). Power to detect trends in waterbird abundance with call-response surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management.
21.	Gibbs, J. P., S. Droege, and P. C. Eagle. (In press). Monitoring local populations of plants and animals. Bioscience.
22.	Goldstein, R. 1989. Power and sample size via MS/PC-DOS computers. American Statistician 43: 253-260.
23.	Goodman, S. N. 1994. The use of predicted confidence intervals when planning experiments and the misuse of power when interpreting results. Annals of Internal Medicine 121: 201-206.
24.	Green, R. H. 1989. Power analysis and practical strategies of environmental monitoring. Environmental Research 50: 195-205.
25.	Green, R. H., and R. C. Young. 1993. Sampling to detect rare species. Ecological Applications 3: 351-356.
26.	Greenland, S. 1988. On sample-size and power calculations: four studies using confidence intervals. American Journal of Epidemiology 128: 231-237.
27.	Harris, R. B. 1986. Reliability of trend lines obtained from variable counts. Journal of Wildlife Management 50(1): 165-171.
28.	Hatfield, J. S., W. R. Gould IV, B. A. Hoover, M. R. Fuller, and E. L. Lindquist. 1996. Detecting trends in raptor counts: power and type I error rates of various statistical tests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(3): 505-515.
29.	Hayes, J. P. 1987. The positive approach to negative results in toxicology studies. Ecotoxicological and Environmental Safety 14: 73-77.
30.	Hayes, J. P., and R. J. Steidl. 1997. Statistical power analysis and amphibian population trends. Conservation Biology 11(1): 273-275.
31.	Heimbuch, D. G., H. T. Wilson, and J. K. Summers. 1998. Design-based estimators and power analyses of trend tests for the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 5(1): 65-79.
32.	Hintz, J. 1996. Power analysis and sample size user's guide.
33.	Kareiva, P., and J. Bergelson. 1997. The nuances of variability: beyond mean square error and platitudes about fluctuating environments. Ecology 78(5): 1299-1300.
34.	Kendall, K. C., L. H. Metzgar, D. A. Patterson, and B. M. Steele. 1992. Power of sign surveys to monitor population trends. Ecological Applications 2(4): 422-430.
35.	Kraemer, H. C., and S. Thiemann. 1987. How Many Subjects? Statistical Power Analysis in Research. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
36.	Krejcie, R. V., and D. Morgan. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Ed. and Psych. Meas. 30(3): 607-610.
37.	Link, W. A., and J. D. Nichols. 1994. On the importance of sampling variance to investigations of temporal variation in animal population size. Oikos 69(3): 539-543.
38.	Link, W. A., and J. S. Hatfield. 1990. Power calculations and model selection for trend analysis: a comment. Ecology 71: 1217-1220.
39.	McBride, G. B., and D. G. Smith. 1997. Sampling and analytical tolerance requirements for detecting trends in water quality. J. Amer. Water Resources Assoc. 33(2): 367-373.
40.	Muller, K. E., and z. V. A. Benignus. 1992. Increasing scientific power with statistical power. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 14: 273-275.
41.	Nickerson, D. M., and A. Brunell. 1998. Power analysis for detecting trends in the presence of concomitant variables. Ecology 79(4): 1442-1447.
42.	Noon, B. R., D. K. Dawson, and J. P. Kelly. 1985. A search for stability gradients in North American breeding bird communities. Auk 102: 64-81.
43.	Osenberg, C.W., R.J. Schmitt, S.J. Holbrook, K.E. Abu-Saba, and A.R. Flegal. 1994. Detection of environmental impacts: natural variability, effect size, and power analysis. Ecological Applications 4: 16-30.
44.	Owen, D. B. 1965. The power of Student's t-test. Journal of the American Statistical Association 60: 320-333.
45.	Parkhurst, D. F. 1990. Statistical hypothesis tests and statistical power in pure and applied science. Pp. 181-201 In G. M. Furstenberg (Ed.), Acting under uncertainty: multidisciplinary conceptions. Kluwer Academic Pub., Boston, Mass.
46.	Pechman, J. H. K., D. E. Scott, R. D. Semlitsch, J. P. Caldwell, L. J. Vitt, and J. W. Gibbons. 1991. Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations. Science 253: 892-895.
47.	Pechmann, J. H. K., and H. M. Wilbur. 1994. Putting declining amphibian populations into perspective: natural fluctuations and human impacts. Herpetologica 50: 65-84.
48.	Peterman, R. M. 1989. Application of statistical power analysis to the Oregon coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) problem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 46(7): 1183-.
49.	Peterman, R. M. 1990. Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 47(1): 2-15.
50.	Peterman, R. M. 1990. The importance of reporting statistical power: the forest decline and acidic deposition example. Ecology 71: 2024-2027.
51.	Peterman, R. M. 1995. Statistical power of methods of meta-analysis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10(11): 460-.
52.	Peterman, R. M., and M. J. Bradford. 1987. Statistical power of trends in fish abundance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 44: 1879-1889.
53.	Peterman, R. M., and M. M'Gonigle. 1992. Statistical power analysis and precautionary principle. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24(5): 231-.
54.	Pimm, S. L., and A. Redfearn. 1988. The variability of population densities. Nature 334: 613-614.
55.	Reed, J. M. 1996. Using statistical probability to increase confidence of inferring species extinction. Conservation Biology 10: 1283-1285.
56.	Reed, J. M., and A. R. Blaustein. 1995. Assessment of "nondeclining" amphibian populations using power analysis. Conservation Biology 9: 1299-1300.
57.	Reed, J. M., and A. R. Blaustein. 1997. Biologically significant population declines and statistical power. Conservation Biology 11(1): 281-282.
58.	Rotenberry, J. T., and J. A. Wiens. 1985. Statistical power analysis and community-wide patterns. American Naturalist 125: 164-168.
59.	Searey-Bernal, R. 1994. Statistical power and aquacultural research. Aquaculture 127: 371-388.
60.	Sedlmeier, P., and G. Gigerenzer. 1989. Do studies of statistical power have an effect on the power of studies?. Psychology Bulletin 105: 309-316.
61.	Solow, A. R., and J. H. Steele. 1990. On sample size, statistical power, and the detection of density dependence. Journal of Animal Ecology 59: 1073-1076.
62.	Steidl, R. J., J. P. Hayes, and E. Schauber. 1997. Statistical power analysis in wildlife research. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 270-279.
63.	Stewart-Oaten, A., W. W. Murdoch, and S. J. Walde. 1995. Estimation of temporal variability in populations. American Naturalist 146(4): 519-535.
64.	Taylor, B. L., and T. Gerrodette. 1993. The uses of statistical power in conservation biology: the vaquita and northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology 7(3): 489-500.
65.	Taylor, D. J., and K. E. Muller. 1995. Computing confidence bounds for power and sample size of the general linear univariate model. American Statistician 49: 43-47.
66.	Taylor, D. J., and K. E. Muller. 1996. Bias in linear model power and sample size calculation due to estimating noncentrality. Communications in Statistics–Theory and Methods 25: 196-198.
67.	Thomas, L. 1996. Monitoring long-term population change: why are there so many analysis methods?. Ecology 77: 49-58.
68.	Thomas, L. 1997. Retrospective power analysis. Conservation Biology 11(1): 276-280.
69.	Thomas, L., and C. J. Krebs. 1997. A review of statistical power analysis software. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 78(2): 126-.
70.	Thomas, L., and F. Juanes. 1996. The importance of statistical power analysis: an example from Animal Behaviour. Animal Behaviour 52: 856-859.
71.	Thompson, C. F., and A. J. Neill. 1993. Statistical power and accepting the null hypothesis. Animal Behavior 46: 1012.
72.	Toft, C. A., and P. J. Shea. 1983. Detecting community-wide patterns: estimating power strengthens statistical inference. American Naturalist 122: 618-625.
73.	Van Strien, A. J., R. Van dePavert, D. Moss, T. J. Yates, C. A. M. VanSwaay, and P. Vos. 1997. The statistical power of two butterfly monitoring schemes to detect trends. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 817-828.
74.	Zielinski, W. J., and H. B. Stauffer. 1996. Monitoring Martes populations in California: survey design and power analysis. Ecological Applications 6(4): 1254-1267.