CEE-TV Database List of References

Contaminant Exposure Effects--Terrestrial Vertebrates

Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, Alaskan, and Hawaiian Coasts and the Great Lakes

Published Sources
Additional Sources

a. Published Sources

Alam, S.K. and Brim, M.S. 2000. Organochlorine, PCB, PAH, and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from northwest Florida, USA. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 35:705-724.

Alava, J.J., J.M. Keller, J.R. Kucklick, J. Wyneken, L. Crowder, and G.I. Scott. 2006. Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) egg yolk concentrations of persistent organic polluntants and lipid increase during the last stage of embryonic development. Science of the Total Environment 367:170-181.

Albers, P.H. and R.M. Prouty. 1987. Survival of spotted salamander eggs in temporary woodland ponds of coastal Maryland. Environmental Pollution 46:45-61.

Albers, P.H., L. Sileo, and B.M. Mulhern. 1986. Effects of environmental contaminants on snapping turtles of a tidal wetland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 15:39-49.

Albrecht, J., M Abalos, and T.M. Rice. 2007. Heavy metal levels in Ribbon snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) and anuran larvae from the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:647-654.

Anas, R.E. 1974. DDT Plus PCB's in Blubber of Harbor Seals. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 8: 12-14.

Anas, R.E. 1974. Heavy Metals in the Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus ursinus, and Harbor Seal, Phoca vitullina richardi. Fishery Bulletin 72:133-137.

Anas, R.E. and A.J. Wilson. 1970. Organochlorine pesticides in fur seals. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 3:198-200.

Anas, R.E. and A.J. Wilson. 1970. Organochlorine pesticides in nursing fur seal pups. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 4: 114-116.

Anderlini, V.C., P.G. Conners, R.W. Risebrough, and J.H. Martin. 1972. Concentrations of heavy metals in some Antarctic and North American sea birds. In B. C. Parker ed., Proceedings of the Colloquium on Conservation Problems in Antarctica. pp. 49-61.

Anderson, J.F. and W. Glowa. 1985. Diazinon poisoning of brown-headed cowbirds. Journal of Field Ornithology 56: 407-408.

Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Hickey. 1970. Oological data on egg and breeding characteristics of brown pelicans. Wilson Bulletin. 82:14-28.

Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Hickey. 1972. Eggshell changes in certain North American birds. Pages 514-540 in K. H. Voous, editor. Proceedings of the XVth International Ornithological Congress, The Hague, Netherlands 30 August-5 September 1970. E. J. Brill, Leiden. viii, 745 pp.

Anderson, D.W., J.R. Jehl, R.W. Risebrough, L.A. Woods, L.R. DeWeese, and W.G. Edgecomb. 1975. Brown pelicans: improved reproduction off the southern California coast. Science 190:806-808.

Anderson, D.W., R.M. Jurek, and J.O. Keith. 1977. The status of Brown pelicans at Anacapa Island in 1975. California Fish and Game 63:4-10.

Anderson, W.L., S.P. Havera, and R.A. Montgomery. 1987. Incidence of ingested shot in waterfowl in the Mississippi Flyway, 1977-1979. Wildlife Society Bulletin 15:181-188.

Anderson, W.L., S.P Havera, and B.W. Zercher. 2000. Ingestion of lead and nontoxic shotgun pellets by ducks in the Mississippi Flyway. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:848-857.

Anderson-Bledsoe, K.L. and P.F. Scanlon. 1983. Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Virginia river otters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30:442-447.

Andres, B. A. 1994. The effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on black oystercatchers breeding in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Final Report. Bird Study Number 12/Restoration Study Number 17.

Ankley, G. T., G. J. Niemi, K. B. Lodge, H. J. Harris, D. L. Beaver, D. E. Tillitt, T. R. Schwartz, J. P. Giesy, P. D. Jones, and C. Hagley. 1993. Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:332-344.

Anthony, R.G., M.G. Garrett, and C.A. Schuler. 1993. Environmental contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River estuary. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:10-19.

Anthony, R.G., A.K. Miles, J.A. Estes, and F.B. Isaacs. 1999. Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2054-2062.

Anthony, R.G., A.K. Miles, M.A. Ricca, and J.A. Estes. 2007. Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs from the Aleutian archipelago. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26:1843-1855.

Arighi, L.S. 1973. Mercury level studies in Migratory Waterfowl. Pages 167-171 in Donald R. Buhler editor. Mercury in the western environment : proceedings of a workshop, Portland, Oregon, February 25-26, 1971, sponsored by Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University. Continuing Education Publications, Corvallis, 1973. x, 360 pp.

Arndt, Douglas P. 1973. DDT and PCB levels in three Washington State harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) populations. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 65 leaves.

Artmann, J.W. and E.M. Martin. 1975. Incidence of ingested lead shot in sora rails. Journal of Wildlife Management 39:514-519.

Ashpole, S.L., C.A. Bishop, and R.J. Brooks. 2004. Contaminant residues in snapping turtles (Chelydra s. serpentine) eggs from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (1999-2000). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47: 240-252).

Audet, D.J., D.S. Scott, and S.N. Wiemeyer. 1992. Organochlorines and mercury in osprey eggs from the Eastern United States. Journal of Raptor Research 26:219-224.

Augspurger, T. and K. Looney. 1995. Mercury in Lake Mattamuskeet osprey and largemouth bass, Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge, Hyde County, North Carolina. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Draft.

Augspurger, T., J. Holloman, and M. Canada. 1996. Productivity and contaminant assessment of ospreys from Western Albemarle Sound, North Carolina (USA). Poster No. P0947. Abstract book, Annual meeting of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:296

Augspurger, T., J.C. Franson, K.A. Converse, P.R. Spitzer, and E.A. Miller. 1998. An epizootic of common loons in coastal waters of North Carolina: concentrations of elemental contaminants and results of necropsies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:205-209.

Auman, H.J., J.P. Ludwig, C. Summer, D.A. Verbrugge, K.L. Froese, T.L. Colborn, T.L., and J.P. Giesy. 1997 PCBs, DDE, DDT, and TCDD-EQ in two species of albatross on Dand Island, Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:498-504.

Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, and J.P. Costa. 1992. Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in pinniped milk from the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia. Chemosphere 24:779-791.

Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, J.A. Estes, M. Simon, and R.J. Norstrom. 1999. Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:452-458.

Bagley, G.E., L.N. Locke, and G.T. Nightingale. 1967. Lead poisoning in Canada geese in Delaware. Avian Diseases 11:601-608.

Bailey, E.P. and G.H. Davenport. 1972. Die-off of Common murres on the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island. Condor 74:215-219.

Baker, J.L. and R.L. Thompson. 1979. Shot ingestion by waterfowl on National Wildlife Refuges in Florida. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association Fish and Wildlife Agencies 32:256-262.

Baker, B.E., C.H. Neilson, and E.R. Samuels. 1970. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 in human and other milks collected in Alaska. Journal of Dairy Science 53:241-244.

Baker F.D., C.F. Tumasonis., W.B. Stone., and B. Bush. 1976. Levels of PCB and trace metals in waterfowl in New York State. New York Fish and Game Journal 23:82-91.

Balcomb, R. 1983. Secondary poisoning of red-shouldered hawks with carbofuran. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1129-1132.

Ballachey, B. 1995. Biomarkers of damage to Sea Otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following potential exposure to oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage. 15 pp. Full text

Ballachey, B. E. and K. A. Kloecker. 1997. Hydrocarbons in hair, livers and intestines of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) found dead along the path of the Exxon Valdez spill. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage

Ballachey, B. E. and K. A. Kloecker 1997. Hydrocarbon residues in tissues of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) collected from southeast Alaska. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage.

Ballachey, B. and K. A. Kloecker 1997. Hydrocarbon residues in tissues of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) collected following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-16. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage.

Ballachey, B. E., D. L. Bruden, and K. A. Kloecker 1996. Hematology and clinical chemistry of sea otters captured in Prince William Sound, Alaska following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage.

Ballard, W. B., M. A. Cronin, M. D. Robards, and W. A. Stubblefield. 2003. Heavy metal concentrations in arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, Alaska. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 117:119-121.

Bank, M.S., C.S. Loftin, and R.E. Jung. 2005. Mercury bioaccumulation in northern two-lined salamanders from streams in the northeastern United States. Ecotoxicology 14: 181-191.

Bank, M.S., J. Crocker, B. Connery, and A. Amirbahman. 2007. Mercury bioaccumulation in green frog (Rana clamitans) and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles from Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26:117-125.

Barclay, J.S. and J.M. Zingo. 1993. Winter scaup populations in Connecticut coastal waters. Connecticut Warbler 13:136-150.

Barclay, J.S., C.R. Perkins, M.E. Tomassone, and K.A. Eccleston. 1995. Declining populations of ducks and influenced by habitat quality in Long Island Sound. Final Report. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 171 pp.

Baskaran, M., G.-H. Hong, S. Dayton, J. L. Bodkin, and J. J. Kelley. 2003. Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 64:1-18.

Baskett, T.S. 1975. Mercury residues in breast muscle of wild ducks, 1970-71. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 9:67-78.

Beckett, K.J., S.D. Millsap, A.L. Blankenship, M.J. Zwiernik, J.P. Giesy, and S.J. Bursian. 2005. Squamous epithelial lesion of the mandibles and maxillae of wild mink (Mustela vison) naturally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24: 674-677.

Beckman, K.B., G.M. Ylitalo, R.G. Towell, M.M. Krahn, T.M. O'Hara, and J.E. Blake. 1999. Factors affecting organochlorine contaminant concentrations in milk and blood of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) dams and pups from St. George Island, Alaska. Science of the Total Environment 231:183-200.

Beckman, K. B., L. K. Duffy, X. Zhang, and K. W. Pitcher. 2002. Mercury concentrations in the fur of Steller sea lions and northern fur seals from Alaska. Marine Science Bulletin 44:1130-1135.

Beeman, D.K. and T. Augspurger. 1996. Dioxins and furans in wood duck eggs from the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina. Final Reports, Contaminants Study #94-4N38. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh, North Carolina. 27 pp.

Beeman, D.K., T.A. Augspurger, and W.J. Fleming. 1993. Productivity and PCDDs/PCDFs in eggs from two great blue heron rookeries near a pulp and paper mill on the Roanoke River, North Carolina. Poster number P118 presented at the 14th annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), November 14-18, 1993, Houston, TX.

Belant, J. L. and R. K. Anderson. 1990. Environmental contaminants in common loons from northern Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 32:307-310.

Bell, D.E. 1969. Amchitka bioenvironmental program: pesticide residues in birds from Amchitka Island. BMI-171-121. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. 5 pp..

Bell, B., J.R. Spotila, and J. Congdon. 2006. High incidence of deformity in aquatic turtles in the John Heinz National Wildlfie Refuge. Environmental Pollution 142:457-465.

Bellrose, F.C. 1959. Lead poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl populations. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 27:235-288.

Bench, G., T.M. Carlsen, P.G. Grant, J.S. Wollett, R. E. Martinelli, J. L. Lewis, and K.K. Divine. 2001. Olfactory bulb uptake and determination of biotransfer factors in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) exposed to manganese and cadmium in environmental habitats. Environmental Science & Technology 35:270-277.

Ben David, M., L. K. Duffy, G. M. Blundell, and R.T. Bowyer. 2001. Natural exposure of coastal river otters to mercury: Relation to age, diet, and survival. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1986-1992.

Benkert, K. 1991. Assessment of organic and metal contaminants in lower Back Bay and upper Currituck Sound. In H.G. Marshall and M.D. Norman editors. Proceedings of the Back Bay Ecological Symposium, Virginia Beach, VA. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. v, 305 p

Benkert, K. 1992. Contaminant assessment of biota and sediments in the Albemarle-Pamlico region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Field Office, North Carolina. 57 pp.

Bernard, R. F. 1963. Studies on the Effects of DDT on Birds. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum. Biological Series 2(3):160-191.

Bevenue, A., J.N. Ogata, L. S. Tengan, and J. W. Hylin. 1975. Mirex residues in wildlife and soils, Hawaiian pineapple-growing areas. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 9:141-149.

Beyer, W.N., G. Miller, and J.W. Simmers. 1990. Trace elements in soil and biota in confined disposal facilities in dredged material. Environmental Pollution 65:19-32.

Beyer, W.N., M. Spalding, and D. Morrison. 1997. Mercury concentrations in feathers of wading birds from Florida. Ambio 26:97-100.

Beyer, W.N., D. Day, A. Morton, and Y. Pachepsky. 1998. Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:2298-22301.

Birdsall, C.W., C.E. Grue, and A. Anderson. 1986. Lead concentrations in bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and green frog R. clamitans tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 40: 233-247.

Bishop, C. A. and A. D. Gendron. 1998. Reptiles and amphibians: Shy and sensitive vertebrates of the Great Lakes Basin and the St. Lawrence River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 53:225-244.

Bishop, C. A. and J. D. Rouse. 2000. Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in plasma of the Lake Erie water snake (Nerodia sipedon insularum) and northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) from the Great Lakes Basin in 1998. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:500-505.

Bishop, C.A. and J.D. Rouse. 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plasma and embryonic development in Lake Erie Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum) from Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51:452-457.

Bishop, C. A., R. J. Brooks, J. H. Carey, P. Ng, R. J. Norstrom, and D. R. S. Lean. 1991. The case for a cause-effect linkage between environmental contamination and development in eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra s. serpentina) from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33:521-547.

Bishop, C. A., D. V. C. Weseloh, N. M. Burgess, J. Struger, R. J. Norstrom, R. Turle, and K. A. Logan. 1992. An atlas of contaminants in eggs of fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes (1970-1988). Technical Report Series 152 and 153. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

Bishop, C. A., G. P. Brown, R. J. Brooks, D. R. S. Lean, and J. H. Carey. 1994. Organochlorine contaminant concentrations in eggs and their relationship to body size, and clutch characteristics of the female common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) in Lake Ontario, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:82-87.

Bishop, C. A., M. D. Koster, A. A. Chek, D. J. T. Hussell, and K. Jock. 1995. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:491-501.

Bishop, C. A., D. R. S. Lean, R. J. Brooks, J. H. Carey, and P. Ng. 1995. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in early life stages of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from a coastal wetland on Lake Ontario, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:421-426.

Bishop, C. A., P. Ng, R. J. Norstrom, R. J. Brooks, and K. E. Pettit. 1996. Temporal and geographic variation of organochlorine residues in eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) (1981-1991) and comparisons to trends in the herring gull (Larus argentatus) in the Great Lakes Basin in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:512-524.

Bishop, C. A., P. Ng, K. E. Pettit, S. W. Kennedy, J. J. Stegeman, R. J. Norstrom, and R. J. Brooks. 1998. Environmental contamination and developmental abnormalities in eggs and hatchlings of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (1989-91). Environmental Pollution 101:143-156.

Bishop, C. A., N. A. Mahony, S. Trudeau, and K. E. Pettit. 1999. Reproductive success and biochemical effects in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in wetlands of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin, USA and Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:263-271.

Block, E. 1992. Contaminants in great blue heron eggs and nestlings from Dumas Bay and Nisqually heronries, Puget Sound, Washington. Report No. OFO-EC93-1, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Enhancement, Olympia Field Office, Washington. 32 pp.

Bloom, P.H., J.M. Scott, O.H. Pattee, and M.R. Smith. 1989. Lead contamination of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos within the range of the California condor. Pages 481-482 in B.U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor eds. Raptors in the Modern World, proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Eilat, Israel, 22-27 March 1987. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin. 611 pp.

Blumton, A.K., J.D. Fraser, R.W. Young, S. Goodbred, S.L. Porter, and D.L. Luukonen. 1990. Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 1985-88. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45: 697-702.

Blus, L. J. 1970. Measurements of brown pelican eggshells from Florida and South Carolina. BioScience 20:867-869.

Blus, L.J. and T.G. Lamont. 1979. Organochlorine residues in six species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1971-1975. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 13:56-60.

Blus, L.J. and R.M. Prouty. 1979. Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin 91:62-71.

Blus, L.J., A.A. Belisle, and R.M. Prouty. 1974. Relation of the brown pelican to certain environmental pollutants. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 7:181-194.

Blus, L. J., B. S. Jr. Neely, A. A. Belisle, and R. M. Prouty. 1974. Organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs: relation to reproductive success. Environmental Pollution. 7:81-91.

Blus, L.J., B.S. Neely, Jr., T.G. Lamont, and B. Mulhern. 1977. Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of brown pelicans, 1969-1973. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 11:40-53.

Blus, L.J., L.N. Locke, and C.J. Stafford. 1977b. Ruptured-yolk peritonitis and organochlorine residues in a royal tern. Avian Diseases 21:445-447.

Blus, L. J., T. G. Lamont., and B S. Neely, Jr. 1979. Effects of organochlorine residues on eggshell thickness, reproduction, and population status of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) in South Carolina and Florida, 1969-76. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 12:172-184.

Blus, L.J., R.M. Prouty, and B.S. Neely, Jr. 1979b. Relation of environmental factors to breeding status of royal and sandwich terns in South Carolina, USA. Biological Conservation 16:301-320.

Blus, L.J., E. Cromartie, L. McNease, and T. Joanen. 1979. Brown pelican: population status, reproductive success, and organochlorine residues in Louisiana, 1971-1976. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:128-135.

Blus, L.J. and C.J. Stafford. 1980. Breeding biology and relation of pollutants to black skimmers and gull-billed terns in South Carolina. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report--Wildlife 230. 18 pp.

Blus, L.J., O.H. Pattee, C.J. Henny, and R.M. Prouty. 1983. 1st records of chlordane related mortality in wild birds. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:196-198.

Blus, L.J., C.J. Henny, A. Anderson, and R.E. Fetzner. 1985. Reproduction, mortality, and heavy metal concentrations of great blue herons from three colonies in Washington and Idaho. Colonial Waterbirds 8:110-116.

Blus, L.J., R.K. Stroud, B. Reiswig, and T. Mceneaney. 1989. Lead poisoning and other mortality factors in trumpeter swans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8:263-271.

Blus, L.J., R.E. Fitzner, L.L. Leschner, and U.W. Wilson. 1999. DDE, PCBs, cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations rhinoceros auklets from Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 80:14-16.

Boardman, Constance Jean. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides in California least terns (Sterna antillarum browni). M.S. Thesis. California State University, Long Beach. 25 pp.

Boardman, C.J. and C.T. Collins. 1993. Lead in the feathers of the California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni). Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 92:95-99.

Boersma, D. C., J. A. Ellenton, and A. Yagminas. 1986. Investigation of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system in herring gull embryos in relation to environmental contaminants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:309-318.

Borthwick, P.W., T.W. Duke, A.J. Wilson Jr., J.I. Lowe, J.M. Patrick Jr., and J.C. Oberheu. 1973. Accumulation and movement of mirex in selected estuaries of South Carolina, 1969-1971. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 7:6-26.

Botero, J. E., M. W. Meyer, S. S. Hurley, and D. H. Rusch. 1996. Residues of organochlorines in mallards and blue-winged teal collected in Colombia and Wisconsin, 1984-1989. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:225-231.

Bourne, W.R.P and J.A. Bogan. 1976. Seabirds and pollution. Appendix: Estimations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine birds. Pages 482-493 in R. Johnson ed., Marine Pollution. Academic Press, New York. 729 pp.

Bowerman, W. W., IV, E. D. Evans, J. P. Giesy, and S. Postupalsky. 1994. Using feathers to assess risk of mercury and selenium to bald eagle reproduction in the Great Lakes region. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:294-298.

Bowerman, W. W. I., D. A. Best, J. P. Jr. Giesy, T. J. Kubiak, and J. G. Sikarskie. 1994. The influence of environmental contaminants on bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America. Pages 703-707 in B.-U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor, eds. Raptor Conservation Today, proceedings of the IV World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany, 10-17 May 1992. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, London and distributed in the U.S.A. by Buteo Books, Shipman, Virginia. 799 pp.

Bowman, T. D., P. F. Schempf, and J. A. Bernatowicz. 1993. Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on bald eagles. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska. Bird study No. 4. 141 pp. Full text

Bowerman, W.W., D.A. Best, J.P.Giesy, M.C. Shieldcastle, M.W. Meyer, S. Postupalsky and J.G. Sikarskie. 2003. Associations between regional differences in polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in blood of nestling bald eagles and reproductive productivity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:371-376.

Bowyer, R. T., G. M. Blundell, M. Ben David, S. C. Jewett, T. A. Dean, and L. K. Duffy. 2003. Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on river otters: injury and recovery of a sentinel species. Wildlife Monograph 153:1-53.

Braham, H.W. 1973. Lead in the California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus). Environmental Pollution 5:253-258.

Braune, B. M. and R. J. Norstrom. 1989. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring gulls: III. Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation in Lake Ontario Gulls. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8:957-968.

Brown, C.S., J.Leubbert, D. Mulcahy, J. Schamber and D.H. Rosenberg. 2006. Blood lead levels of wild Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra) in Alaska using a portable blood lead analyzer. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37:361-365.

Bryant, C.P., R.W. Young, and R.L. Kirkpatrick. 1978. Kepone residues in body tissues of raccoons collected along the James River, East of Hopewell, Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 29:57.

Britt, J.O. and E.B. Howard. 1983. Tissue residues of selected environmental contaminants in marine mammals. Pages 80-94 in Edwin B. Howard ed. Pathobiology of marine mammal diseases, volume I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida

Bryan A.M., W.B. Stone., and P.G. Olaffson. 1987. Disposition of toxic PCB congeners in snapping turtle eggs: expressed as toxic equivalents of TCDD. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 39:791-796.

Buck, J.A., R.G. Anthony, C.A. Schuler, F.B. Isaacs and D.E. Tillitt. 2005. Changes in productivity and contaminants in bald eagles nesting along the lower Columbia River, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24:1779-1792.

Buhler, D.R. and B.R. Mate. 1973. Mercury levels in California sea lions. Pages 97-102 in Donald R. Buhler ed. Mercury in the Western environment: proceedings of a workshop, Portland, Oregon, February 25-26, 1971. Continuing Education Publications, Corvallis, Oregon. 360 pp.

Buhler, D.R., R.R. Claeys, and B.R. Mate. 1975. Heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in California sea lions. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada. 32:2391-2397.

Bunck, C.M., R.M. Prouty, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1987. Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), from the continental United States, 1982. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 8:59-75.

Burger, J. 1992. Trace element levels in pine snake hatchlings: tissue and temporal differences. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:209-213.

Burger, J. 1993. Metals in feathers of brown noddy (Anous stolidus): Evidence for bioaccumulation or exposure levels? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 24:181-187.

Burger, J. 1994. Heavy metals in avian eggshells: another excretion methods. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 41:207-220.

Burger, J., 1997. Heavy metals and selenium in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) nesting in colonies from eastern Long Island to Virginia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 48: 285-296.

Burger, J. 2002. Food chain differences affect heavy metal in bird eggs in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Environmental Research Section A 90:33-39.

Burger, J. 2002. Metals in tissues of diamondback terrapin from New Jersey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 77:255-263.

Burger, J. and B. Eichhorst. 2007. Heavy metals and selenium in grebe feathers from Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in northern Minnesota. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:442-449.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1985. Comparisons of nine heavy metals in salt gland and liver of greater scaup (Aythya marila), black duck (Anas rubripes) and mallard (A. platyrhynchos). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C 81:287-292.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1988. Metals in terns eggs in a New Jersey estuary: a decade of change. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 11:127-135.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1991. Cadmium and lead in common terns (Aves: Sterna hirundo): relationship between levels in parents and eggs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 16:253-258.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1992. Heavy metal and selenium concentrations in black skimmers (Rynchops niger): gender differences. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23:431-434.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1992. Trace element distribution in growing feathers: additional excretion in feather sheaths. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 23:105-108

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1993. Lead and cadmium accumulation in eggs and fledgling seabirds in the New York Bight. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12:261-267.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1995. Heavy metal and selenium concentrations in eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus): temporal differences from 1989 to 1994. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29: 192-197.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1995. Biomonitoring of heavy metals in the Pacific basin using avian feathers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:1233-1239.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1997. Risk, mercury levels, and birds: Relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring. Environmental Research 75:160-172.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1997. Age differences in metals in the blood of herring (Larus argentatus) and Franklin's (Larus pipixcan) gulls. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33:436-440.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 2000. Metal levels in feathers of 12 species of seabirds from Midway Atoll in the northern Pacific Ocean. Science of the Total Environment 257:37-52.

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 2007. Metals and radionuclides in birds and eggs from Amchitka and Kiska islands in the Bering Sea/Pacific ocean ecosystem. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 127:105-117.

Burger, J., M. Gochfeld, and K. Parsons. 1990. Toxicant accumulation and effects on birds: the reproductive biology and effects of pollutants on estuarine and marine birds of the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary. Final Report to EPA.

Burger, J., K. Parsons, T. Benson, T. Shukla, D. Rothstein, and M. Gochfeld. 1992. Heavy metal and selenium levels in young cattle egrets from nesting colonies in the northeastern United States, Puerto Rico, and Egypt. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23:435-439.

Burger, J., I.C.T. Nisbet, and M. Gochfeld. 1992. Metal levels in regrown feathers: Assessment of contamination on the wintering and breeding grounds in the same individuals. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Heath 37:363-374.

Burger, J., J.A. Rodgers Jr., and M. Gochfeld. 1993. Heavy metal and selenium levels in endangered wood storks Mycteria americana from nesting colonies in Florida and Costa Rica. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 24:417-420.

Burger, J., S. Seyboldt, N. Morganstein, and K. Clark. 1993. Heavy metals and selenium in feathers of three shorebird species from Delaware Bay. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 28:189-198.

Burger, J., M.H. Lavery, and M. Gochfeld. 1994. Temporal changes in lead levels in common tern feathers in New York and relationship of field levels to adverse effects in the laboratory. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13:581-586.

Burger, J., I.C.T. Nisbet, and M. Gochfeld. 1994. Heavy metals and selenium levels in feathers of known-aged common terns (Sterna hirundo). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26: 351-355.

Burger, J., K. Viscido, and M. Gochfeld. 1995. Eggshell thickness in marine birds in the New York Bight-1970s to 1990s. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29:187-191.

Burger, J., G.E. Woolfenden, and M. Gochfeld. 1999. Metal concentrations in the eggs of endangered Florida scrub-jays from central Florida. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37:385-388.

Burger, J., C.D. Trivedi, and M. Gochfeld. 2000. Metals in herring gulls from the New York Bight: the role of salt gland in excretion. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 64:569-581.

Burger, J., T. Shukla, C. Dixon, S. Shukla, M. J. McMahon, R. Ramos, and M. Gochfeld. 2001. Metals in feathers of sooty tern, white tern, gray-backed tern, and brown noddy from islands in the North Pacific. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 71:71-89.

Burger, J., R. Bowman, G.E. Woolfenden, and M. Gochfeld. 2004. Metal and metalloid concentrations in the eggs of threatened Florida scrub-jays in suburban habitat from south-central Florida. Science of the Total Environment 328: 185-193.

Burger, J., S. Murray, K.F. Gaines, J.M. Novak, T Punshon, C. Dixon and M. Gochfeld. 2006. Element levels in snakes in South Carolina: Differences between a control site and exposed site on the Savannah River Site. 2006. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 112:35-52.

Burger, J., K.R. Campbell, S. Murray, T.S. Campbell, K.F. Gaines, C. Jeitner, T. Shukla, S. Burke, and M. Gochfeld. 2007. Metal levels in blood, muscle and liver of water snakes (Nerodia spp.) from New Jersey, Tennessee and South Carolina. Science of the Total Environment 373:556-563.

Burns, S.A., W.M. Jarman, T.J. Cade, L.F. Kiff, and B.J. Walton. 1994. Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eggs from the eastern United States, 1986-1988. Pages 709-716 in B.-U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor, eds. Raptor Conservation Today, proceedings of the IV World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany, 10-17 May 1992. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, London and distributed in the U.S.A. by Buteo Books, Shipman, Virginia. 799 pp.

Cade, T. J, C. M. White, and J. R. Haugh. 1968. Peregrines and pesticides in Alaska. Condor 70:170-178.

Cade, T. J, J. L. Lincer, C. M. White, D. G. Roseneau, and L. G. Swartz. 1971. DDE residues and eggshell changes in Alaskan falcons and hawks. Science 172:955-957.

Cain, B.W. 1981. Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in wings of adult mallards and black ducks, 1979-1980. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 15:128-134.

Cain, B.W. 1993. Contaminant survey of the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge Chambers County, Texas. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Clear Lake Field Office, Houston, Texas.  full text

Cain, B.W. and C.M. Bunck. 1983. Residues of organochlorine compounds in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), 1979. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 3:161-172.

Calambokidis, J. and J. Peard. 1982. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in tissues of northern fur seals from St. Paul Island, Alaska. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Technical Memorandum. NMFS/F/NWC-71. National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, Washington.

Calambokidis, J., J. Peard, G.H. Steiger, J.C. Cubbage, and R.L. DeLong. 1984. Chemical contaminants in marine mammals from Washington State. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMS 6. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Rockville, Maryland. 167 pp.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1964. Detection and investigation of fish and wildlife losses caused by pesticides. California Department of Fish and Game Project number FW-1-R-1;WPL 1;Job 1.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1965. Pesticide residue studies. California Department of Fish and Game Project number CAL FW-001-R-02/wk.pl.01/job02.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1967. Pesticide Residue Studies. California Department of Fish and Game Project number FW-1-R-4; WPL 1: Job # 2.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1968. Pesticide Residue Studies. California Department of Fish and Game Project number CAL FW-001-R-06/wk.pl.01/job02.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1968. Detection of fish and wildlife losses causes by pesticides. California Department of Fish and Game Project number CAL FW-001-R-06/wk.pl.01/job01.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1970. Pesticides investigations: current fish and wildlife problems. California Department of Fish and Game Project number CAL.FW-001-R-08/WK.PL.01/JOB 09.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1973. Pesticides investigations: Pesticide residue monitoring of wildlife. California Department of Fish and Game Project number CAL.FW-001-R10/WK.PL.02/job 04.

Calkins, D. G., E. Becker, T. R. Spraker, and T. R. Loughlin. 1994. Impacts on steller sea lions. Pages 119-139 in Thomas R. Loughlin, ed. Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez. Academic Press, San Diego, California. 395 pp.

Calle, P.P., D.F. Kowalczyk, F.J. Dein, and F.E. Hartman. 1982. Effect of hunters’ switch from lead to steel shot on potential for oral lead poisoning in ducks. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 181: 1299-1301.

Carmichael Jr., D.B. and O.E. Baker III. 1989. Pesticide, PCB, and heavy metal residues in South Carolina mink. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 43:444-451.

Causey, K., S.C. McIntyre, Jr., and R.W. Richburg. 1972. Organochlorine insecticide residues in quail, rabbits, and deer from selected Alabama soybean fields. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 20:1205-1209.

Champoux, L., J. Rodrigue, J.-L. Desgranges, S. Trudeau, A. Hontela, M. Boily, and P. Spear. 2002. Assessment of contamination and biomarker responses in two species of herons on the St. Lawrence River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 79: 193-215.

Champoux, L., J. Rodrigue, S. Trudeau, M.H. Boily, P.A. Spear and A. Hontella. 2006. Contamination and biomarkers in the Great Blue Heron, and indicator of the state of the St. Lawrence River. Ecotoxicology 15:83-96.

Chandler, R.B., A.M. Strong, and C.C. Kaufman. 2004. Elevated lead levels in urban house sparrows: a threat to sharp-shinned hawks and merlin? Journal of Raptor Research 38: 62-68.

Christopher, S.J., S.S. Vander Pol, R.S. Pugh, R.D. Day, and P.R. Becker. 2002. Determination of mercury in the eggs of common murres (Uria aalge) for the seabird tissue archival and monitoring project. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 17:780-785.

Clark Jr., D.R. 1979. Lead concentrations: Bats vs. terrestrial small mammals collected near a major highway. Environmental Science & Technology 13:338-340.

Clark Jr., D.R. and A.J. Krynitsky. 1980. Organochlorine residues in eggs of loggerhead and green sea turtles nesting at Merritt Island, Florida--July and August 1976. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 14:7-10.

Clark, D.R., Jr., and A.J. Krynitsky. 1983. DDE in brown and white fat of hibernating bats. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 31:287-299.

Clark Jr., D.R. and T.G. Lamont. 1976. Organochlorine residues and reproduction in the big brown bat. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:249-254.

Clark, D. R., Jr. and M. A. R. McLane. 1974. Chlorinated hydrocarbon and mercury residues in woodcock in the United States, 1970-71. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 8:15-22.

Clark Jr., D.R. and R.M. Prouty. 1976. Organochlorine residues in three bat species from four localities in Maryland and West Virginia, 1973. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 10:44-53.

Clark, J.D., J.H. Jenkins, P.B. Bush, and E.B. Moser. 1981. Pollution trends in river otter in Georgia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 35:71-79.

Clark, D.R., Jr., K.S. Foerster, C.M. Marn, and R.L. Hothem. 1992. Uptake of environmental contaminants by small mammals in pickleweed habitats at San Francisco Bay, California. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22: 389-396.

Clark, D.R., Jr., E.L. Flickinger, D.H. White, R.L. Hothem, and A.A. Belisle. 1995. Dicofol and DDT residues in lizard carcasses and bird eggs from Texas, Florida, and California. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54:817-824.

Clark, K.E., L.J. Niles, and W. Stansley. 1998. Environmental contaminants associated with reproductive failure in bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs in New Jersey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:247-254.

Clark, D.R., Jr., J.W. Bickham, D.L. Baker, and D.F. Cowman. 2000. Environmental contaminants in Texas, USA, wetland reptiles: evaluation using blood samples. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:2259-2265.

Clark, K.E., W. Stansley, and L.J. Niles. 2001. Changes in contaminant levels in New Jersey osprey eggs and prey, 1989 to 1998. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40:277-284.

Cloutier, N. R., F. V. Clulow, T. P. Lim, and N. K. Dave. 1986. Metal (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Pb) and Ra-226 levels in tissues of meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus living on nickel and uranium mine tailings in Ontario, Canada: site, sex, age and season effects with calculation of average skeletal radiation dose. Environmental Pollution 41:295-314.

Cobb, G.P. and P.D. Wood. 1997. PCB concentrations in eggs and chorioallantoic membranes of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge. Chemosphere 34:539-549.

Cobb, G.P., D. Norman, and R.J. Kendall. 1994. Organochlorine contaminant assessment in great blue herons using traditional and nonlethal monitoring techniques. Environmental Pollution 83: 299-309.

Cobb, G.P., D.M Norman, M.W. Miller, L.W. Brewer, and R.K. Johnston. 1995. Chlorinated contaminants in chorio-allantoic membranes from great blue heron eggs at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station. Chemosphere 30: 151-164.

Cobb, G.P., P.D. Wood, and M. O'Quinn. 1997. Polychlorinated biphenyls in eggs and chorioallantoic membranes of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from coastal South Carolina. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:1456-1462.

Cobb, G. P., P. D. Houlis, and T. A. Bargar. 2002. Polychlorinated biphenyl occurrence in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Louisiana and South Carolina. Environmental Pollution 118:1-4.

Cocking, D., R. Hayes, M.L. King, M.J. Rohrer, R. Thomas, and D. Ward. Compartmentalization of mercury in biotic components of terrestrial flood plain ecosystems adjacent to the south river at Waynesboro, VA. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 57-58: 159-170.

Cohen, J.B., J.S. Barclay, A.R. Major, and J.P. Fisher. 2000. Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in Federal Wildlife Refuges in the Long Island region. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38:83-92.

Collins, C.T. 1992. Metals in eggs of the California least tern in southern California. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 91(2): 49-54.

Connors, P.G., V.C. Anderlini, R.W. Risebrough, J.H. Martin, R.W. Schreiber, and D.W. Anderson. 1972. Heavy metal concentrations in brown pelicans from Florida and California. Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions 1972:56-64.

Connors, P.G., V.C. Anderlini, R.W. Risebrough, M. Gilbertson, and H. Hays. 1975. Investigations of heavy metals in common tern populations. Canadian Field-Naturalist 89:157-162.

Conzelmann, P.J. and T. Rabot. 1994. Metals, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls in bald eagles of coastal Louisiana. Southeast Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Ecological Services. Study Identifier LA-93-4F01.

Cooper, L.W., I.L. Larsen, T.M. O'Hara, S. Dolvin, V. Woshner, and G.F. Cota. 2000. Radionuclide contaminant burdens in arctic marine mammals harvested during subsistence hunting. Arctic 53:174-182.

Coulter, M.C. and R.W. Risebrough. 1972. Shell-thinning in eggs of the ashy petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) from the Farallon Islands. Condor 75:254-255.

Crain, D.A. L.J. Guillette Jr., A.A. Rooney, and D.B. Pickford. 1997. Alterations in steroidogenesis in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) exposed naturally and experimentally to environmental contaminants. Environmental Health Perspectives 105:528-533.

Crain, D.A. L.J. Guillette Jr., D.B. Pickford, H.F. Percival, and A.R. Woodward. 1998. Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:446-452.

Cumbie, P.M. 1975. Mercury levels in Georgia otter, mink, and freshwater fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14:193-196.

Cumbie, P.M. and J.H. Jenkins. 1975. Mercury accumulation in native mammals of the southeast. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 28:639-648.

Custer, T. W. and C. M. Custer. 1995. Transfer and accumulation of organochlorines from black-crowned night-heron eggs to chicks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:533-536.

Custer, C. M. and T. W. Custer. 2000. Organochlorine and trace element contamination in wintering and migrating diving ducks in the southern Great Lakes, USA, since the zebra mussel invasion. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:2821-2829.

Custer, T.W., and W.L. Hohman. 1994. Trace elements in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988. Environmental Pollution 84:253-259.

Custer, T.W. and J.P. Meyers. 1990. Organochlorines, mercury, and selenium in wintering shorebirds from Washington and California. California Fish and Game 76:118-125.

Custer, T.W. and C.A. Mitchell. 1987. Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive success of black skimmers in south Texas, 1984. Journal of Field Ornithology 58:480-489.

Custer, T.W. and C.A. Mitchell. 1989. Organochlorine contaminants in white faced ibis eggs in southern Texas. Colonial Waterbirds 12:126-129.

Custer, T.W. and C.A. Mitchell. 1991. Contaminant exposure of willets feeding in agricultural drainages of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south Texas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 16:189-200.

Custer, T.W. and B.L. Mulhern. 1983. Heavy metal residues in prefledgling black-crowned night-herons from three Atlantic coast colonies. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30:178-185.

Custer, T. W., C.M. Bunck, and T. E. Kaiser. 1983. Organochlorine residues in Atlantic coast black-crowned night-heron eggs, 1979. Colonial Waterbirds 6:160-167.

Custer, T.W., R.M. Erwin, and C. Stafford. 1983. Organochlorine residues in common tern eggs from nine Atlantic Coast colonies, 1980. Colonial Waterbirds 6:197-204.

Custer, T.W., C.M. Bunck, and C.J. Stafford. 1985. Organochlorine concentrations in prefledgling common terns at three Rhode Island colonies. Colonial Waterbirds 8:150-154.

Custer, T.W., J.C. Franson, J.F. Moore and J.E. Myers. 1986. Reproductive success and heavy metal contamination in Rhode Island common terns. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 41:33-52.

Custer, T.W., G. Pendleton, and H.M. Ohlendorf. 1990. Within- and among-clutch variation of organochlorine residues in eggs of black-crowned night-herons. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 15:83-89.

Custer, T.W., J.W. Bickham, T.B. Lyne, T. Lewis, L.A. Ruedas, C. M. Custer, and M.J. Melancon. 1994. Flow cytometry for monitoring contaminant exposure in black-crowned night herons. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:176-179.

Custer, T. W., C. M. Custer, and K. L. Stromborg. 1997. Distribution of organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorant eggs and sibling embryos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:1646-1649.

Custer, C. M., T. W. Custer, P. D. Allen, K. L. Stromborg, and M. J. Melancon. 1998. Reproduction and environmental contamination in tree swallows nesting in the Fox River drainage and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:1786-1798.

Custer, T. W., R. K. Hines, P. M. Stewart, M. J. Melancon, D. S. Henshel, and D. W. Sparks. 1998. Organochlorines, mercury, and selenium in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana. Journal of Great Lakes Research 24:3-11.

Custer, T. W., C. M. Custer, R. K. Hines, S. Gutreuter, K. L. Stromborg, P. D. Allen, and M. J. Melancon. 1999. Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:1209-1217.

Custer, T. W., C. M. Custer, R. K. Hines, and D. W. Sparks. 2000. Trace elements, organochlorines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and furans in lesser scaup wintering on the Indiana Harbor Canal. Environmental Pollution 110:469-482.

Custer, T. W., C. M. Custer, R. K. Hines, D. W. Sparks, M. J. Melancon, D. J. Hoffman, J. W. Bickham, and J. K. Wickliffe. 2000. Mixed-function oxygenases, oxidative stress, and chromosomal damage measured in lesser scaup wintering on the Indiana Harbor Canal. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38:522-529.

Custer, T. W., C. M. Custer, R. K. Hines, K. L. Stromborg, P. D. Allen, M. J. Melancon, and D. S. Henshel. 2001. Organochlorine Contaminants and Biomarker Response in Double-Crested Cormorants Nesting in Green Bay and Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40:89-100.

Custer, C. M., Custer, T. W., Dummer, P. M., and Munney, K. L. 2003. Exposure and effects of chemical contaminants on tree swallows nesting along the Housatonic River, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, USA, 1998-2000. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:1605-1621.

Custer, C. M., T. W. Custer, M. J. Anteau, A. D. Afton, and D. E. Wooten. 2003. Trace elements in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) from the Mississippi flyway. Ecotoxicology 12:47-54.

Custer, C.M., T.W. Custer, C.J. Rosiu, M.J. Melancon, J.W. Bickham, and C.W. Matson. 2005. Exposure and effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River, Rhode Island, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24: 93-109.

Custer, C.M., T.W. Custer, D. Warburton, D.J. Hoffman, J.W. Bickham and C.W. Matson. 2006. Trace element concentrations and bioindicator responses in tree swallows from northwestern Minnesota. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 118:247-266.

Custer, T.W., P.M. Dummer, C.M. Custer, A.U. Li, D. Warburton, M.J. Melancon, D.J. Hoffman, C.W. Matson, and J.W. Bickham. Water level management and contaminant exposure to tree swallows nesting on the Upper Mississippi River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 133:335-345.

Dabrowska, H., S.W. Fisher, J. Estenik, R. Kidekhel and P. Stromberg. 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations, congener profiles, and ratios in the fat tissue, eggs, and plasma of Snapping Turtles (Chelydra s. serpentine) from the Ohio Basin of Lake Erie, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51:270-286.

Dale, T. B. and K. L. Stromborg. Reconnaissance surveys of contaminants potentially affecting Green Bay and Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuges. 1993. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Green Bay Ecological Services Field Office, 1015 Challenger Court, Green Bay, WI 54311,

Davis, Jay Anthony. 1997. Concentrations and effects of organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorant embryos from San Francisco Bay. Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Davis. 110 pp.

Day, C.G., M. T. Chezik, and T. Augspurger. April 1991. Environmental contaminants in the prey of Delaware Bay peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Day, C.G., M. T. Chezik, and T. Augspurger. Sept 1991. Environmental contaminants in southern New Jersey peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Delany, M.F., J.U. Bell, and S.F. Sundlof. 1988. Concentrations of contaminants in muscle of the American alligator in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24:62-66.

DeLong, R.L., W.G. Gilmartin, and J.G. Sompson. 1973. Premature births in California sea lions: association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels. Science 181:1168-1170.

DeMent, S.H., J.J. Chisolm, Jr., J.C. Barber, and J.D. Strandberg. 1986. Lead exposure in an "urban" peregrine falcon and its avian prey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22:238-244.

DeMent, S.H., J.J. Chisolm, Jr., M.A. Eckhaus, and John D. Strandberg. Toxic lead exposure in the urban rock dove. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23: 273-278.

de Solla, S.R. M.L. Fletcher, C.A. Bishop. 2003. Relative contributions of organochlorine contaminants, parasitism, and predation to reproductive success or eastern spiny softshell turtles (Apalone spiniferus spiniferus) from Southern Ontario, Canada. Ecotoxicology 12: 261-270.

Dierenfeld, E.S. and D.A. Jessup. 1990. Variation in serum a-tocopherol, retinol, cholesterol, and selenium of free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Journal of Zoology and Wildlife Medicine 4: 432.

Dieter, M.P., M.C. Perry, and B.M. Mulhern. 1976. Lead and PCBs in canvasback ducks: Relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood. Archives of Environmental Contamination 5:1-13.

DiGiulio, R.T. and P.F. Scanlon. 1981. Heavy metal concentrations in ducks wintering in the lower Chesapeake Bay Region. Transactions of the Northeast Section, The Wildlife Society 38:111-112.

DiGiulio, R.T. and P.F. Scanlon. 1984. Heavy metals in tissues of waterfowl from the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 35:29-48.

Dimond, J.B., A.S. Gretchell, and J.A. Blease. 1971. Accumulation and persistence of DDT in a lotic ecosystem. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28: 1877-1883.

Dindal, D. L. and T. J. Peterle. 1968. Wing and body tissue relationships of DDT and metabolite residues on mallard and lesser scaup ducks. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 3:37-47.

Diters, R. W. and S. W. Nielsen. 1978. Lead poisoning of raccoons in Connecticut. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14:187-192.

Donaldson, G. M., J. L. Shutt, and P. Hunter. 1999. Organochlorine contamination in bald eagle eggs and nestlings from the Canadian Great Lakes. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36:70-80.

Douglass, N.J. 1987. A comparison of liver lead concentrations in two groups of wintering canvasback ducks from coastal North Carolina. Masters Thesis. Duke University, North Carolina, USA.

Dowd, P.F., G.U. Mayfield, D. P. Coulon, J. B. Graves, and J. D. Newsom. 1985. Organochlorine residues in animals from three Louisiana watersheds, 1978-1979. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34:832-841.

Duffy, L. K., R. T. Bowyer, J. W. Testa, and J. B. Faro. 1993. Differences in blood haptoglobin and length-mass relationships in river otters (Lutra canadensis) from oiled and nonoiled areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29: 353-359.

Duffy, L. K., R. T. Bowyer, J. W. Testa, and J. B. Faro. 1994. Chronic effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on blood and enzyme chemistry of river otters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13: 643-647.

Duffy, L. K., R. T. Bowyer, J. W. Testa, and J. B. Faro. 1994. Evidence for recovery of body mass and haptoglobin values of river otters following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:421-425.

Duffy, L. K., M. K. Hecker, G. M. Blundell, and R. T. Bowyer. 1999. An analysis of the fur of river otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Oil related hydrocarbons 8 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Polar Biology 21:56-58.

Dustman, E. H., L. F. Stickel, and J. B. Elder. 1972. Mercury in Wild Animals Lake St. Clair 1970. Pages 46-52 in R. Hartung and B. D. Dinman, eds. Environmental Mercury Contamination. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 349 pp.

Dykstra, C. J. R. and M. W. Meyer. Effects of contaminants on reproduction of bald eagles on Green Bay, Lake Michigan. 1996. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

Dykstra, C.J.R., M.W. Meyer, D. K. Warnke, W.H. Karasov, D.E. Andersen, W.W. Bowerman, and J.P. Giesy. Reproductive rates of Lake Superior bald eagles: low food delivery rates or environmental contaminants? Journal of Great Lakes Research 24:32-34.

Dykstra, C. J. R., M. W. Meyer, K. L. Stromborg, D. K. Warnke, W. W. Bowerman, IV, and D. A. Best. 2001. Association of low reproductive rates and high contaminant levels in bald eagles on Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 27:239-251.

Eaton, L., and K.C. Carr. 1991. Contaminant levels in the Sudbury River, Massachusetts. Report RY91-NEFO-2-EC. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Concord, New Hampshire.

Ellenton, J. A. and M. F. McPherson. 1983. Mutagenicity studies on herring gulls from different locations on the Great Lakes. I. sister chromatid exchange rates in herring-gull emryos. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 12:317-324.

Ellenton, J. A., M. F. McPherson, and K. L. Maus. 1983. Mutagenicity studies on herring gulls from different locations on the great lakes. ii. mutagenic evaluation of extracts of herring-gull eggs in a battery of in vitro mammalian and microbial tests. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 12:325-336.

Ellenton, J. A., L. J. Brownlee, and B. R. Hollebone. 1985. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels in herring gull embryos from different locations on the Great Lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4:615-622.

Elliot, J. E. and P. A. Martin. 1994. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Shell Thinning in Eggs of (Accipiter) Hawks in Ontario, 1986-1989. Environmental Pollution 86:189-200.

Elliot, J. E. and L. Shutt. 1993. Monitoring organochlorines in blood of sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) migrating through the Great Lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12:241-250.

Elliott, J.E., M.M. Machmer, C.J. Henny, L.K. Wilson, and R.J. Norstrom. 1998. Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: I. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and - dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:620-631.

Elliott, J.E., C.J. Henny, M.L. Harris, A.J. Wilson, and R.J. Norstrom. 1999. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in livers of American mink (Mustela vision) and River otter (Lutra canadensis) from the Columbia and Fraser River basins. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 57:229-252.

Elliott, J.E., M.M. Machmer, L.K. Wilson, and C.J. Henny. 2000. Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest; II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury, 1991-1997. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38:93-106.

Elliott, J. E., L. K. Wilson, C. J. Henny, S. F. Trudeau, F. A. Leighton, S. W. Kennedy, and K. M. Cheng. 2001. Assessment of biological effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in osprey chicks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:866-879.

Elsey, R.M., V.A. Lance and L. Campbell. 1999. Mercury levels in alligator meat in south Louisiana. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63:598-603.

Erickson, D.W. and J.S. Lindzey. 1983. Lead and cadmium in muskrat and cattail tissues. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:550-555.

Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc. 1992. Site Assessment, Operable Unit 3 - Asbestos Dump Site (Dietzman Tract), Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Volume I - Technical Report. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Estes, J.A., C.E. Bacon, W.M. Jarman, R.J. Norstrom, R.G. Anthony, and A.K. Miles. 1997. Organochlorines in sea otters and bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:486-490.

Everett, J.J. and R.G. Anthony. 1976. Heavy metal accumulation in muskrats in relation to water quality. Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society 33:105-118.

Evers, D.C. and P. Reaman. 1998. A comparison of mercury exposure and risk between artificial impoundments and natural lakes measured in common loons and their prey, 1996-1997. 1997 Field Season Report, Biodiversity Research Institute, Freeport, Maine. Full text

Evers, D.C., J.D. Kaplan, M.W. Meyer, P.S. Reaman, W.E. Braselton, A. Major, N. Burgess, and A.M. Scheuhammer. 1998. Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:173-183.

Evers, D.C., P. Reaman, O. Lane, and B. Mower. 1998. Determining mercury exposure in Maine's fish-eating birds. 1997 Final Report, Biodiversity Research Institute, Freeport, Maine.

Evers, D., P. Reaman, C. DeSorbo, and P. Phifer. 1999. Assessing the impacts of methylmercury on piscivorous wildlife as indicated by the common loon. 1999 Final Report, Biodiversity Research Institute, Freeport, Maine.

Evers, D. C., K. M. Taylor, A. Major, R. J. Taylor, R. H. Poppenga, and A. M. Scheuhammer. 2003. Common loon eggs as indicators of methylmercury availability in North America. Ecotoxicology 12:69-81.

Ewins, P. J., D. V. Weseloh, and P. Mineau. 1992. Geographical distribution of contaminants and productivity measures of herring gulls in the Great Lakes: Lake Huron 1980. Journal of Great Lakes Research 18:316-330.

Ewins, P. J., D. V. C. Weseloh, R. J. Norstrom, K. Legierse, H. J. Auman, and J. P. Ludwig. Caspian terns on the Great Lakes: organochlorine contamination, reproduction, diet, and population changes, 1972-91. 1994. Canadian Wildlife Service, Occasional Paper 85. 30 pp.

Ewins, P. J., S. Postupalsky, K. D. Hughes, and D. V. Weseloh. 1999. Organochlorine contaminant residues and shell thickness of eggs from known-age female ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in Michigan during the 1980s. Environmental Pollution 104:295-304.

Faber, R. A. and J. J. Hickey. 1973. Eggshell thinning, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and mercury in inland aquatic bird eggs, 1969 and 1970. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 7:27-36.

Faber, R.A., R.W. Risebrough, and H.M. Pratt. 1972. Organochlorines and mercury in common egrets and great blue herons. Environmental Pollution 3:111-122.

Facemire, C.F. 1993. Contaminant concentrations in Florida raptor eggs. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Environmental Contaminants, Vero Beach, Florida. Published report # VB-89-4058.

Facemire, C.F. and L. Chlebowski. 1991. Organochlorine pesticide and heavy metal contamination of American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) eggs. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Environmental Contaminants, Vero Beach, Florida. Published report # R4-VB-91-4116.

Facemire, C., T. Augspurger, D. Bateman, M. Rim, P. Conzelmann, S. Delchamps, E. Douglas, L. Inmon, K. Looney, F. Lopez, G. Masson, D. Morrison, N. Morse, and A. Robison. 1995a. Impacts of mercury contamination in the southeastern United States. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80:923-926.

Facemire, C.F., T.S. Gross, and L.J. Guillette, Jr. 1995b. Reproductive impairment in the Florida panther: nature or nurture? Environmental Health Perspectives 103:79-86.

Field, R.W., E.H. Field, D.A. Zegers, and G.L. Steucek. 1981. Iodine-131 in thyroids of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) I the vicinity of the three mile island nuclear generating plant. Health Physics 41: 297-301.

Finkelstein, M. E., R. H. Gwiazda, and D. R. Smith. 2003. Lead poisoning of seabirds: environmental risks from leaded paint at a decommissioned military base. Environmental Science & Technology 37:3256-3260.

Firstencel, H. 1987. The black tern (Chlidonias niger Linn.): Breeding ecology in upstate New York and results of pesticide residue analyses. M. S. thesis, State University of New York, Brockport. viii, 63 leaves.

Fisk, E. J. 1976. A deadly rain of robins. Florida Naturalist 49:13-14.

Fite, E.C. 1979. Residues of lead, mercury, and organochlorine pesticides in whistling swans, 1973. M.S. thesis. University of Montana. vii, 63 leaves.

Fitzner, R.E., W.H. Rickard, and W.T. Hinds. 1982. Excrement from heron colonies for environmental assessment of toxic elements. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 1:383-386.

Fitzner, R.E., L.J. Blus, C.J. Henny, and D.W. Carlile. 1988. Organochlorine residues in great blue herons from the Northwestern United States. Colonial Waterbirds 11:293-300.

Fitzner, R.E., R.H. Gray, and W.T. Hinds. 1995. Heavy metal concentrations in great blue heron fecal castings in Washington State: A technique for monitoring regional and global trends in environmental contaminants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55:398-403.

Fleming, W.J. and D.K. Beeman. 2000. Productivity assessment of two great blue herons colonies in the Roanoke river floodplain. Web-Published Report. North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, North Carolina State University.

Fleming, W. J., W. H. Gutenmann, and D. J. Lisk. 1979. Selenium in tissues of woodchucks inhabiting fly ash landfills. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21:1-6.

Fleming, W.J., J.A. Rodgers Jr., and C.J. Stafford. 1984. Contaminants in wood stork eggs and their effects on reproduction, Florida, 1982. Colonial Waterbirds 7:88-93.

Fleming, W.J., C.M. Bunck, G. Linscombe, N. Kinler, and C.J. Stafford. 1985. PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and reproduction in river otters from Louisiana. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 39:337-343.

Flickinger, E.L. 1979. Effects of aldrin exposure on snow geese in Texas rice fields. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:94-101.

Flickinger, E.L. 1981. Wildlife mortality at petroleum pits in Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:560-564.

Flickinger, E.L. 1983. Environmental contaminant hazards to Attwater's greater prairie-chickens. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1132-1137.

Flickinger, E.L. and K.A. King. 1972. Some effects of aldrin-treated rice on Gulf Coast wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:706-727.

Flickinger, E.L. and D.L. Meeker. 1972. Pesticide mortality of young white-faced ibis in Texas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8:165-168.

Flickinger, E.L. and Mulhern, B.M. 1980. Aldrin persists in yellow mud turtle. Herpetological Review 11:29-30.

Flickinger, E.L. and J.D. Nichols. 1990. Small mammal populations at hazardous waste disposal sites near Houston, Texas, USA. Environmental Pollution 65:169-180.

Flickinger, E.L. and D.M. Swineford. 1983. Environmental contaminant hazards to Attwater's greater prairie-chicken. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1132-1137.

Flickinger, E.L., K.A. King, W.F. Stout, and M.M. Mohn. 1980. Wildlife hazards from Furadan 3G applications to rice in Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:190-197.

Flickinger, E.L., D.H. White, C.A. Mitchell, and T.G. Lamont. 1984. Monocrotophos and dicrotophos residues in birds as a result of misuse of organophosphates in Matagorda Co., Texas. Journal of the AOAC International 67:827-828.

Flickinger, E.L., C.A. Mitchell, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1986. Dieldrin and endrin residues in fulvous whistling-ducks in Texas in 1983. Journal of Field Ornithology 57:85-90.

Flickinger, E.L., C.A. Mitchell, D.H. White, and E.J. Kolbe. 1986. Bird poisoning from misuse of the carbamate furadan in a Texas rice field. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14:59-62.

Flint, P.L., M.R. Petersen, and J.B. Grand. 1997. Exposure of spectacled eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:439-443.

Flint, P. L., A. C. Fowler, and R. F. Rockwell. 1999. Modeling bird mortality associated with the M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul Island, Alaska. Ecological Modeling 117:261-267.

Foehrenbach, J., G. Mahmood, and D. Sullivan. 1970. DDT residues in eggs of marsh-inhabiting birds. New York Fish and Game Journal 17: 126-127.

Foley, R.E. 1992. Organochlorine residues in New York waterfowl harvested by hunters in 1983-1984. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 21:37-48.

Foley, R. E. and G. R. Batcheller. 1988. Organochlorine contaminants in common goldeneye wintering on the Niagara River. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:441-445.

Foley, R.E., S.J. Jackling, R.J. Sloan, and M.K. Brown. 1988. Organochlorine and mercury residues in wild mink and otter: comparison with fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:363-374.

Forrester, D.J. 1992. Parasites and Diseases of Wild Mammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. xx, 459 pp.

Forrester, D.J., J.A. Conti, and J.U. Bell. 1987. Lead poisoning and parasitism of non-migratory Canada geese in Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 15:71-76.

Forrester, D.J., W.R. Davidson, R.E. Lange, Jr., R.K. Stroud, L.L. Alexander, J.C. Franson, S.D. Haseltine, R.C. Littell, and S.A. Nesbitt. 1997. Winter mortality of common loons in Florida coastal waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:833-847.

Fox, G. A., A. P. Gilman, D. J. Hallett, R. J. Norstrom, F. I. Onuska, and D. B. Peakall. 1975. Herring Gull productivity and toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes in 1975. Toxic Chemicals Division, Canadian Wildlife Service. Manuscript Reports No. 34. 35 pp.

Fox, G. A., S. W. Kennedy, R. J. Norstrom, and D. C. Wigfield. 1988. Porphyria in herring gulls: a biochemical response to chemical contamination of Great Lakes food chains. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 7:831-839.

Fox, G. A., S. Trudeau, H. Won, and K. A. Grasman. 1998. Monitoring the elimination of persistent toxic substances from the Great Lakes; chemical and physiological evidence from adult herring gulls. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 53:147-168.

Fox, G.A., K.A. Grasman, K.A. Hobson, K. Williams, D. Jeffrey, and B. Hanbidge. 2002. Contaminant Residues in tissues of adult and prefledged herring gulls from the Great Lakes in relation to diet in the early 1990s. Journal of Great Lakes Resources 28: 643-663.

Frakes, R.A., S.L. Lemieux, T. Augspurger, and C.G. Day. 1997. Reproductive success and egg contaminant concentrations of southern New Jersey peregrine falcons. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Jersey Field Office, Pleasantville, NJ

Frank, R. and H. E. Braun. 1990. Organochlorine residues in bird species collected dead in Ontario 1972-1988. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44:932-939.

Frank, R., M. V. H. Holdrinet, and W. A. Rapley. 1975. Residues of organochlorine compounds and mercury in birds' eggs from the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 3:205-218.

Frank, R., H. Lumsden, J. F. Barr, and H. E. Braun. 1983. Residues of organochlorine insecticides, industrial chemicals, and mercury in eggs and in tissues taken from healthy and emaciated common loons, Ontario, Canada, 1968-1980. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12:641-654.

Frank, D.S., M.A. Mora, J.L. Sericano, A.L. Blankenship, K. Kannan, and J.P. Giesy. 2001. Persistent organochlorine pollutants in eggs of colonial waterbirds from Galveston Bay and East Texas, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:608-617.

Franson, J.C. and S.G. Hereford. 1994. Lead poisoning in a Mississippi sandhill crane. Wilson Bulletin 106:766-768.

Franson, J.C., E.J. Kolbe, and J.W. Carpenter. 1985. Famphur toxicosis in a bald eagle. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 21:318-320.

Franson, J.C., P.S. Koehl, D.V. Derksen, T.C. Rothe, C.M. Bunck, and J.F. Moore. 1995. Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 36:149-167.

Franson, J.C., M.R. Petersen, C.U. Meteyer, and M.R. Smith. 1995. Lead poisoning of spectacled eiders ( Somateria fisheri) and of a common eider ( Somateria mollissima) in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31:268-271.

Franson, J.C., M.R. Petersen, L.H. Creekmore, P.L. Flint, and M.R. Smith. 1998. Blood lead concentrations of spectacled eiders near the Kashunuk River, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Toxicology 7:175-181.

Franson, J.C., J.A. Schmutz, L.H. Creekmore, and A.C. Fowler. 1999. Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 965-969.

Franson, J. C., D. J. Hoffman, and J. A. Schmutz. 2002. Blood selenium concentrations and enzyme activities related to glutathione metabolism in wild emperor geese. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:2179-2184.

Franson, J.C., T.E. Hollmén, P.L. Flint, J.B. Grand, and R.B. Lanctot. 2004. Contaminants in molting long-tailed ducks and nesting common eiders in the Beaufort Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 504-513.

Franzmann, A. W., A. Flynn, and P. D. Arneson. 1975. Levels of some mineral elements in Alaskan moose hair. Journal of Wildlife Management 39:374-378.

Frederick, P. C., M. G. Spalding, and R. Dusek. 2002. Wading birds as bioindicators of mercury contamination in Florida, USA: annual and geographic variation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:163-167.

Frederick, P.C., B. Hylton, J.A. Heath, and M.G. Spalding. 2004. A historical record of mercury contamination in southern Florida (USA) as inferred from avian feather tissue. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 1474-1478.

French, J.B., Jr., I.C.T. Nisbet, and H. Schwabl. 2000. Maternal steroids and contaminants in common tern eggs: a mechanism of endocrine disruption? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 128:91-98.

Froese, K. L., D. A. Verbrugge, G. T. Ankley, G. J. Niemi, C. P. Larsen, and J. P. Giesy. 1998. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments to aquatic insects and tree swallow eggs and nestlings in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:484-492.

Frost, K. J., C.-A. Manen, and T. L. Wade. 1994. Petroleum hydrocarbons in tissues of harbor seals from Prince William sound and the gulf of Alaska. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Final. Marine Mammal Study 5:331-358. full text

Fry, D. M. 1994. Injury of seabirds from DDT and PCB residues in the Southern California bight ecosystem. Unpublished report to United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Fry, D.M. and L.A. Addiego. 1987. Hemolytic anemia complicates the cleaning of oiled seabirds. Wildlife Journal 10:3-8.

Gamble, L.R. and M. Woodin. 1993. Contaminants in redhead ducks wintering in Baffin Bay and Redfish Bay, Texas. Final Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Corpus Christi Field Office, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Gamble, L.R., G.A. Jackson and T.C. Maurer. 1988. Organochlorine, trace element, and petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants investigation of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, 1985-1986. Final Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Gamble, L.R., D.R. Blankinship, and G.A. Jackson. 1991. Contaminants in brown pelican eggs collected from Texas and Mexico, 1986. Report, Study #R2-87-01. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Garcelon, D. K. 1994. Effects of organochlorine contaminants on bald eagle reproduction at Santa Catalina Island. Unpublished report

Garcelon, D.K. and N.J. Thomas. 1997. DDE poisoning in an adult bald eagle. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(2):299-303.

Garcelon, D.K., R.W. Risebrough, W.M. Jarman, A.B. Chartand, and E.E Littrell. 1989. Accumulation of DDE by bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus reintroduced to Santa Catalina Island in Southern California. In B. U. Meyburg and R. D. Chancellor eds., Raptors in the Modern World. pp. 491-494.

Gardner, W.S., D.R. Kendall, R.R. Odom, H.L. Windom, and J.A. Stephens. 1978. The distribution of methyl mercury in a contaminated salt marsh ecosystem. Environmental Pollution 15:243-251.

Garshelis, D. L. 1997. Sea otter mortality estimated from carcasses collected after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Conservation Biology 11: 905-916.

Gaskin, D.E., R. Frank, M. Holdrinet, K. Ishida, C.J. Walton and M. Smith. 1973. Mercury, DDT, and PCB in Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30: 471-475.

Gerstenberger, S. L., J. H. Gilbert, and J. A. Dellinger. 1996. Environmental contaminants and cholinesterase activity in the brain of fisher (Martes pennanti) harvested in Northern Wisconsin. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56:866-872.

Gervais, J.A., D.K. Rosenberg, M.D. Fry, L. Trulio, and K.K. Sturm. 2000. Burrowing owls and agricultural pesticides: evaluation of residues and risks for three populations in California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:337-343.

Getz, L. L., L. Verner, and M. Prather. 1977. Lead concentrations in small mammals living near highways. Environmental Pollution 13:151-157.

Giesy, J.P. and K. Kannan. 2001. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 1339-1342.

Gilbertson, M. and G. A. Fox. 1977. Pollutant-associated embryonic mortality of Great Lakes herring gulls. Environmental Pollution 12:211-216.

Gilbertson, M. and L. M. Reynolds. 1972. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the eggs of common terns in Hamilton Harbour, Ontario. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 7:371-373.

Gilbertson, M. and L. 1974. Reynolds. DDE and PCB in Canadian Birds, 1969 to 1972. Canadian Wildlife Service, Occasional Paper 19. 18 pp.

Gilbertson, M., R. D. Morris, and R. A. Hunter. 1976. Abnormal chicks and PCB residue levels in eggs of colonial birds on the lower Great Lakes (1971-1973). Auk 93:434-442.

Gilbertson, M., G.D. Haffner, K.G. Drouillard, A. Albert, and B. Dixon. 2003. Immunosuppression in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) induced by pesticide exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22: 101-110.

Gillian, K. A., B. M. Hasspieler, R. W. Russell, K. Adeli, and G. D. Haffner. 1998. Ecotoxicological studies in amphibian populations of Southern Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 24:45-54.

Gilman, A. P., G. A. Fox, D. B. Peakall, S. M. Teeple, and T. R. Carroll. 1977. Reproductive parameters and egg contaminant levels of Great Lakes herring gulls. Journal of Wildlife Management 41:458-468.

Gilmartin, W.G., R.L. DeLong, A.W. Smith, J.C. Sweeney, B.W. De Lappe, R.W. Risebrough, L.A. Griner, M.D. Dailey, and D.B. Peakall. 1976. Premature parturition in the California sea lion. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12: 104-115.

Gochfeld, M. 1979. Prevalence of oiled plumage of terns and skimmers on western Long Island, New York: Baseline data prior to petroleum exploration. Environmental Pollution 20:123-129.

Gochfeld, M. 1980. Tissue distribution of mercury in normal and abnormal young common terns. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:362-366.

Gochfeld, M. 1996. Heavy metals in laughing gulls: gender, age and tissue differences. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15:2275-2283.

Gochfeld, M. 1997. Spatial patterns in a bioindicator: Heavy metal and selenium concentration in eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in the New York Bight. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33:63-70.

Gochfeld, M. and J. Burger. 1982. Biological concentration of cadmium in estuarine birds of the New York Bight. Colonial Waterbirds 5:116-123.

Gochfeld, M. and J. Burger. 1987. Heavy metal concentrations in the liver of three duck species: influence of species and sex. Environmental Pollution 45:1-15.

Gochfeld, M. and J. Burger. 1998. Temporal trends in metal levels in eggs of the endangered roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) in New York. Environmental Research, Section A 77:36-42.

Gochfeld, M., J. Saliva, F. Lesser, T. Shukla, S. Bertrand, and J. Burger. 1991. Effects of color on cadmium and lead levels in avian contour feathers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20:523-526.

Gochfeld, M., D. J. Gochfeld, D. Minton, B. G. Murray, P. Pyle, N. Seto, D. Smith, and J. Burger. 1999. Metals in feathers of Bonin petrel, Christmas shearwater, wedge-tailed shearwater, and red-tailed tropicbird in the Hawaiian Islands, northern Pacific. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 59:343-358.

Goering, D.K. 1974. Organochlorine residues and eggshell characteristics in three species of Ciconiiform birds. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arkansas, Emporia. 49 pp.

Goldblatt, C.J. and R.G. Anthony. 1983. Heavy metals in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Journal of Environmental Quality 12: 478-482.

Golden, N.H., B.A. Rattner, P.C. McGowan, K.C. Parsons, and M.A. Ottinger. 2003. Concentrations of metals in feathers of nestling black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:385-393.

Golden, N.H., B.A. Rattner, J.B. Cohen, D.J. Hoffman, E. Russek-Cohen, and M.A. Ottinger. 2003. Lead accumulation in feathers of nestling black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) experimentally treated in the field. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:1517-1524.

Goodbred, S.L., D.B. Ledig, and C.A. Roberts. 1996. Organochlorine contamination in eggs, prey and habitat of light-footed clapper rails in three southern California marshes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Carlsbad Field Office.

Grand, J.B., J.C. Franson, P.L. Flint, and M.R. Petersen. 2002. Concentrations of trace elements in eggs and blood of spectacled and common eiders on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:1673-1678.

Grasman, K.A. and G.A. Fox. 2001. Associations between altered immune function and organochlorine contamination in young Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) from Lake Huron, 1997-1999. Ecotoxicology 10: 101-114.

Grasman, K. A., G. A. Fox, P. F. Scanlon, and J. P. Ludwig. 1996. Organochlorine-associated immunosuppression in prefledgling Caspian terns and herring gulls from the Great Lakes: An Ecoepidemiological Study. Environmental Health Perspectives 104:829-842.

Gray, B.T., D.H. Gordon, and T. Strange. 1988. Shot ingestion by dabbling ducks wintering in coastal South Carolina. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 42:368-375.

Gress, F., R.W. Risebrough, and F.C. Sibley. 1971. Shell thinning in eggs of the common murre, Uria aalge, from Farallon Islands, California. Condor 73: 368-369.

Gress, F., R.W. Risebrough, D.A. Anderson, L.F. Kiff, and J.R. Jehl Jr. 1973. Reproductive failures of double-crested cormorants in Southern California and Baja California. Wilson Bulletin 85: 197-208.

Grocki, D.R.J. and D.W. Johnston. 1974. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in North American cuckoos. Auk 91:186-188.

Grove, R.A. and C.J. Henny. 2008. Environmental contaminants in male river otters from Oregon and Washington, USA, 1994-1999. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (http://www.springerlink.com/content/b3jg133017214n88/).

Grue, C.E., T.J. O'Shea, and D.J. Hoffman. 1984. Lead concentrations and reproduction in highway-nesting barn swallows. Condor 86:383-389.

Grue, C.E., D.J. Hoffman, W.N. Beyer, and L.P. Franson. 1986. Lead concentrations and reproductive success in European starlings Sturnus vulgaris nesting within highway roadside verges. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 42:157-182.

Guillette Jr., L.J., T.S. Gross, G.R. Masson, J.M. Matter, H.F. Percival, and A.R. Woodward. 1994. Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environmental Health Perspectives 102:680-688.

Guillette, Jr., L.J., T.S. Gross, D.A. Gross, A.R. Rooney, and H.F. Percival. 1995. Gonadal steroidogenesis in vitro from juvenile alligators obtained from contaminated or control lakes. Environmental Health Perspectives 103(Suppl 4):31-36.

Guillette, Jr., L.J., D.A. Crain, A.R. Rooney, and A.R. Woodward. 1997. Effects of acute stress on plasma concentrations of sex and stress hormones in juvenile alligators living in control and contaminated lakes. Journal of Herpetology 31:347-353.

Guillette Jr., L.J., J.W. Brock, A.A. Rooney, and A.R. Woodward. 1999. Serum concentrations of various environmental contaminants and their relationship to sex steroid concentrations and phallus size in juvenile American alligators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36:447-455.

Guillette, Jr., L.J., A.R. Woodward, D.A. Crain, D.B. Pickford, A.R. Rooney, and H.F. Percival. 1999. Plasma steroid concentrations and male phallus size in juvenile alligators from seven Florida lakes. General Comparative Endocrinology 116:356-372.

Gustafson, K. A., K. M. Bontaites, and A. Major. 2000. Analysis of tissue cadmium concentrations in New England moose. Alces 36:35-40.

Haffner, G. D., C. A. Straughan, D. V. C. Weseloh, and R. Lazar. 1997. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, including coplanar congeners, and 2,3,7,8-T4 CDD toxic equivalents in double-crested cormorant and herring gull eggs from Lake Erie and Lake Ontario: A comparison between 1981 and 1992. Journal of Great Lakes Research 23:52-60.

Haffner, G. D., V. Glooschenko, C. A. Straughan, C. E. Hebert, and R. Lazar. 1998. Concentrations and distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls, including non-ortho congeners, in mink populations from Southern Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 24:880-888.

Hagen, H. 1975. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues in eggs of California birds. Administrative Report number 75-4. California Department of Fish and Game. 9 pp..

Halbrook, R.S. and J.H. Jenkins. 1988. Cesium-137 levels detected in Georgia otters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:765-769.

Halbrook, R.S., R.L. Kirkpatrick, D.R. Bevan, and B.P. Dunn. 1992. DNA adducts detected in muskrats by ³²P-postlabeling analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11:1605-1613.

Halbrook, R.S., R.L. Kirkpatrick, P.F. Scanlon, M.R. Vaughan, and H.P. Veit. 1993. Muskrat populations in Virginia's Elizabeth River: physiological condition and accumulation of environmental contaminants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25:438-445.

Halbrook, R.W., J.H. Jenkins, P.B. Bush, and N.D. Seabolt. 1994. Sublethal concentrations of mercury in river otters: Monitoring environmental contamination. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:306-310.

Halbrook, R. S., A. Woolf, G. F. Hubert, Jr., S. Ross, and W. E. Braselton. 1996. Contaminant concentrations in Illinois mink and otter. Ecotoxicology 5:103-114.

Hale, R.C., M.O. Gaylor, J.F. Thames, C.L. Smith, and R.F. Mothershead II. 1996. Robustness of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in environmental studies: analysis of chlorinated pollutants in tissues from the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and several fish species. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry 64:11-19.

Hall, S.L. and F.M. Fisher. 1985. Lead concentrations in tissues of marsh birds: relationship of feeding habits and grit preference to spent shot ingestion. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:1-8.

Hall, S.L. and F.M. Fisher. 1985. Heavy metal concentrations of duck tissues in relation to ingestion of spent shot. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:163-172.

Hall, R.J. and B.M. Mulhern. 1984. Are anuran amphibians heavy metal accumulators? In: R.A. Seigel, L.E. Hunt, J.L. Knight, L. Malaret, and N.L. Zuschlag, editors. Vertebrate Ecology and Systematics. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. p. 123-133.

Hall, R.J., T.E. Kaiser, W.B. Robertson Jr., and P.C. Patty. 1979. Organochlorine residues in eggs of the endangered American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23:87-90.

Hall, R.J., A.A. Belisle, and L. Sileo. 1983. Residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in tissues of sea turtles exposed to the IXTOC I oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19:106-109.

Hallett, D. J., R. J. Norstrom, F. I. Onuska, M. E. Comba, and R. Sampson. 1976. Mass spectral confirmation and analysis by the hall detector of mirex and photomirex in herring gulls from Lake Ontario. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 24:1189-1193.

Hamir, A.N., D.T. Galligan, J.G. Ebel Jr, K.L. Manzell, C.E. Rupprecht. 1994. Blood lead levels of wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) from the Eastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30:115-118.

Harper, R. G., J. A. Frick, A. P. Capparella, B. Borup, M. Nowak, D. Biesinger, and C. F. Thompson. 1996. Organochlorine pesticide contamination in neotropical migrant passerines. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:386-390.

Harper, F.D., R. Jeffers, V.C. Waldrop, D. Duncan, and G.P. Cobb. 1999. Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl contamination in black neck stilt, Himantopus mexicanus, eggs from the Savannah and Tybee National Wildlife Refuges. Chemosphere 39:151-163.

Harper, E.R., J.A. St. Leger, J.A. Westberg, L. Mazzaro, T. Schmidt, T.H. Reidarson, M. Tucker, D.H. Cross, and B. Puschner. 2007. Tissue heavy metal concentrations of stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in Southern California. Environmental Pollution 147:677-682.

Harrington-Tweit, B. 1979. A seabird die-of on the Washington coast in mid-winter 1976. Western Birds 10:49-56.

Harris, H. J., T. C. Erdman, G. T. Ankley, and K. B. Lodge. 1993. Measures of reproductive success and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in eggs and chicks of Forster's terns on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Wisconsin--1988. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25:304-314.

Hart, C.A. 1998. Feminization in common terns (Sterna hirundo): relationship to persistent organic contaminants. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, 133p.

Hart, C. A., I. C. T. Nisbet, S. W. Kennedy, and M. E. Hahn. 2003. Gonadal feminization and halogenated environmental contaminants in common terns (Sterna hirundo): evidence that ovotestes in male embryos do not persist to the prefledgling stage. Ecotoxicology 12:125-140.

Haseltine S.D., B.M. Mulhern, and C. Stafford. 1980. Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in black duck eggs from the Atlantic Flyway, 1978. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 14:53-57.

Haseltine, S. D., G. H. Heinz, W. L. Reichel, and J. F. Moore. 1981. Organochlorine and metal residues in eggs of waterfowl nesting on islands in Lake Michigan off Door County, Wisconsin, 1977-78. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 15:90-97.

Haseltine, S.D., J.S. Fair, S.A. Sutcliffe, and D.M. Swineford. 1983. Trends in organochlorine and mercury residues in common loon (Gavia immer) eggs from New Hampshire. Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society 40:131-141.

Hayes, R., P.T. Nielsen, and W.D. Cocking. 1986. Terrestrial consumer bioaccumulation of mercury on the South River flood plain, Waynesboro, VA. The Virginia Journal of Science 37: 102. Abstract.

Hays, H., and R.W. Risebrough. 1972. Pollutant concentrations in abnormal young terns from Long Island Sound. Auk 89:19-35.

Heath, R.G. 1969. Nationwide residues or organochlorine pesticides in wings of mallards and black ducks. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 3:115-123.

Heath, R.G., and S.A. Hill. 1974. Nationwide organochlorine and mercury residues in wings of adult mallards and black ducks during the 1969-1970 hunting season. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 7:153-164.

Heaton-Jones, T.G., B.L. Homer, D.L. Heaton-Jones, and S.F. Sundlof. 1997. Mercury distribution in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28:62-70.

Hebert, C. E. 1998. Winter severity affects migration and contaminant accumulation in northern Great Lakes herring gulls. Ecological Applications 1998:669-679.

Hebert, C. E., G. D. Haffner, I. M. Weis, R. Lazar, and L. Montour. 1990. Organochlorine contaminants in duck populations of Walpole Island. Journal of Great Lakes Research 16:21-26.

Hebert, C. E., V. Glooschenko, G. D. Haffner, and R. Lazar. 1993. Organic contaminants in snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) populations from Southern Ontario Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:35-43.