Osprey Contaminant Exposure Data

I.

Organochlorine Contaminants

A.

Concentrations in Adults and Nestlings

1.

From 1964 to 1973, adults and occasional nestlings were collected along the East coast (Wiemeyer et al., 1980). Organochlorine residues were measured in brain and carcass and a summary of the results is listed below.

Florida (N=5): DDE concentrations ranged from ND-11 µg/g wet weight in brain and 0.60-38 µg/g in carcass. DDD concentrations ranged from ND-2.8 µg/g in brain and from ND-8.4 µg/g in carcass. Concentrations of DDT were <1 µg/g in both brain and carcass, with the exception of one bird from Merritt Island with a concentration of 5.7 µg/g in carcass. Dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were detected at concentrations <1 µg/g. PCBs ranged from ND-50 µg/g in brain and 1.1-20 µg/g in carcass.

South Carolina (N=2): DDE concentrations were 16 and 3.7 µg/g in brain, and 5.1 and 0.69 µg/g in carcass. DDD and DDT values were <1 µg/g in brain and neither were detected in carcass. Dieldrin was detected at a concentrations of 3.8 and 0.02 in brain. Heptachlor epoxide was not detected. PCBs concentrations were 9.0 and 3.0 µg/g in brain, and 4.0 and 6.0 µg/g in carcass.

Maryland, mainly along the Chesapeake Bay (N=14): DDE concentrations ranged from 0.12-30 µg/g in brain and 0.36-43 µg/g in carcass . DDD values ranged from ND-12 µg/g in brain and 0.14-18 µg/g in carcass. DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor were detected at concentrations <1 µg/g for both matrices. PCB concentrations ranged from <0.05-12 µg/g in brain and 1.0-46 µg/g in carcass.

New Jersey (N=2): DDE concentrations were <1 µg/g in brain, and 14 and 0.27 µg/g in carcass. DDD values were <1 µg/g in brain and 2.8 and 0.06 µg/g in carcass. DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor concentrations were <1 µg/g in both matrices. PCB concentrations were 1.2 and <0.05 µg/g in the brain and 24 and 0.25 µg/g in the carcass.

New York (N=1): DDE and PCB were the only compounds detected at concentrations >1 µg/g. DDE occurred at a concentration of 2.0 µg/g in brain and 0.68 µg/g in carcass. PCB values were 2.5 µg/g in brain and 0.95 µg/g in carcass.

Ohio (N=2): DDE and PCB were the only compounds detected at concentrations >1 µg/g. Neither was detected in the brain, but DDE occurred in both carcasses at concentrations of 0.19 and 4.5 µg/g and PCB was detected in one carcass at 2.3 µg/g.

2.

In 1968 and 1969, ospreys either moribund or dead were collected from Connecticut and Virginia (Wiemeyer et al., 1975).

Of the four birds from Connecticut (three adults and one nestling), contaminant concentrations ranged from 2.0-20 µg/g wet weight in brain and 2.8-38 µg/g in carcass for DDE, 0.24-5.5 µg/g in brain and 1.7-12 µg/g in carcass for DDD, ND-1.3 µg/g in brain and <1 µg/g in carcass for DDT, and 0.19-7.5 µg/g in brain and 1.0-9.5 µg/g in carcass for dieldrin. Concentrations of heptachlor epoxide were <1 µg/g in both matrices. PCB concentrations ranged from 4.8-21 µg/g in brain and 5.0-40 µg/g in carcass.

The two Virginia adults were collected from Currioman Bay and Great Falls. DDE concentrations were 0.63 and 12 µg/g in brain and 11 and 4.4 µg/g in carcass. DDD was detected at values of 0.11 and 1.0 µg/g in brain and 2.6 and 0.52 µg/g in carcass. Concentrations of DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide were <1 µg/g in both matrices. PCBs concentrations were 2.0 and 33 µg/g in brain, and 20 and 15 µg/g in carcass.

3.

Ospreys (N=2) collected from Ontario between 1969 and 1972 contained the following geometric mean concentrations of DDE and PCB, respectively: 0.87 and 2.40 µg/g dry weight in brain; 1.33 and 3.79 µg/g in liver; 1.92 and 10.9 in breast muscle; and 23.7 and 70.7 µg/g in whole body (Gilbertson and Reynolds, 1974). 

4.

One osprey chick found dead in the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, between 1971-1975, contained 0.25 DDE µg/g wet weight and 0.95 µg/g PCB in whole body (Bourne and Bogan 1976).

5.

In 1974, a juvenile osprey was collected from Florida (Johnston, 1976). Contaminant concentrations detected in adipose tissue were 0.13 µg/g wet weight for DDE, and 0.26 µg/g for total DDT. In uropygial glands, values were 1.55 µg/g for DDE and 1.79 µg/g for total DDT. PCB and dieldrin were not detected.

6.

Three adult and one juvenile osprey were found dead or moribund in Florida from 1974-75 (Sundlof et al., 1986). Contaminants were measured in brain, fat, liver, and muscle of two of the adults, and in brain only of the remaining two birds. In adults, concentrations of DDE, DDT, and dieldrin were <1 µg/g wet weight in all tissues analyzed. Other contaminant concentrations in adults exceeded 1 µg/g only in the fat, at the following values: 1.30 µg/g DDD, 1.50 and 2.10 µg/g total DDT, and 1.00 and 1.20 PCB. Organochlorine concentrations were higher in the brain of the juvenile, detected at the following levels: 3.60 µg/g DDE, 0.00 µg/g DDD, 3.80 µg/g DDT, 7.40 µg/g total DDT, and 4.00 µg/g DDT equivalents.

7.

From 1975 to 1982 organochlorine contaminants were measured in the carcasses of ospreys found either moribund or dead from locations along the east coast and at sites in Wisconsin and Iowa (Wiemeyer et al., 1987). A summary of the results for each state are listed below:

Tillman, South Carolina (N=1): DDE was detected at a concentration of 8.8 µg/g wet weight and PCBs at 140 µg/g. Concentrations of DDD and oxychlordane were <1 µg/g.

Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina (N=1): Concentrations of DDE and PCBs were <1 µg/g.

Pine Hall and Cape Charles, Virginia (N=2): DDE was detected at concentrations of 4.8 and 17 µg/g, DDD at 2.0 and 1.6 µg/g, and DDT at 1.30 µg/g in the bird from Pine Hall. Dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor were detected only in the bird collected from Cape Charles at concentrations <1 µg/g. PCB concentrations were 8.8 and 25 µg/g.

Maryland (N=10): DDE concentrations ranged from 0.63-4.5 µg/g in 9 of the birds and occurred at 48 µg/g in an osprey collected from Easton. DDD was detected in 9 birds, at concentrations of 0.15-3.8 µg/g. Dieldrin was detected in 5 birds, at concentration of 0.17-2.2 µg/g. Concentrations of DDT, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-chlordane, and cis-nonachlor were <1 µg/g.

New Jersey (N=4): DDE was detected in 3 birds at concentrations of 31, 0.11, and 0.60 µg/g. DDD, dieldrin, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor were only detected in a single bird from Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge at values of 13, 0.30, 0.17, 0.48, 0.28, and 0.28 µg/g, respectively. PCBs concentrations in two birds were 24 and 1.1 µg/g.

Massachusetts (N=3): DDE was detected in all 3 birds at concentrations <1 µg/g. DDD was detected in one bird at a concentration of 0.21 µg/g. PCBs were detected in 2 birds at concentrations of 0.95 and 1.2 µg/g.

Janesville, Wisconsin (N=1): DDE was detected at a concentration of 1.5 µg/g. Concentrations of DDD, dieldrin, cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, and PCBs were <1 µg/g.

Missouri Valley, Iowa (N=1): DDE was the only organochlorine contaminant detected in this bird at a concentration of 0.20 µg/g.

8.

In 1990, one adult osprey from Kangaroo Island, Australia, had brain, liver, and fat concentrations of the following: <0.02 µg/g dieldrin, <0.02 µg/g DDD, 0.15 µg/g DDE, and <0.02 µg/g DDT (Falkenberg et al., 1994).

9.

Dead and partly decayed osprey were collected in October of 1993 (N=8).  The carcasses were found at the mouth of Tabbs Creek in Virginia  (Hale et al., 1996).  All concentrations are given in ng/g, probably most comparable to dry weight because of desiccation before collection of the birds, but samples were not dried in the lab.  Concentrations of total PCBs in mesenteric materials ranged from 11,300 to 45,300.  Congeners detected tended to be highly chlorinated.  Concentrations of DDT ranged from 73.0 to 385.  Concentrations of DDE ranged from 5,320 to 12,900.  Concentrations of DDD ranged from 37.5 to 182.  The osprey samples were too degraded to make assumptions about the significance of the concentrations of the DDE and PCBs.

10.

In 1995 and 1996, 54 eggs were collected from nests along the Columbia and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington and Oregon, USA, of which 38 were hatched (Elliott et al., 2001). For all seven sites, mean concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PnCDD, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD, 2,3,7,8-PnCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF in the chicks were below 2930, 365, 1420, 960, 1200, 348, 203, and 1650 ng/kg lipid weight, respectively. Mean (ranges) PCDDs and PCDFs concentrations at Nechako River, Pitt River, Thompson River, Upper Columbia, Castlegar, Portland, and Lower Columbia, respectively, were: 2540 (663-11,600), 413 (141-6070), 13400 (9130-21,600), 1280 (249-10,100), 1690 (662-4490), 990 (215-9030), and 1210 (103-6750) pg/g 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and 12,200 (4130-39,100), 645 (129-8790), 40,400 (18,900-57,000), 3280 (297-79,600), 6530 (2510-29,100), 1900 (112-54,300), 4010 (326-20,400) pg/g 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD.

Geometric mean (range) PCB concentrations in chicks from Nechako River (N=3), Pitt River (N=5), Thompson River (N=4), Upper Columbia (N=7), Castlegar (N=5), Portland (N=7), and Lower Columbia (N=7) sites, respectively, were: 24.3 (8.09-46.5), 29.0 (9.87-49.5), 22.8 (9.79-50.9), 52.2 (25.6-93.1), 138 (105-176), 109 (36.8-426), and 149 (89.4-207) µg/g lipid weight total PCBs; 1.27 (0.34-4.62), 1.50 (0.40-3.20), 1.61 (0.69-5.06), 1.76 (0.88-3.71), 3.59 (2.92-4.59), 8.10 (1.90-34.5), and 10.9 (6.14-17.3) µg/g congener 101; 0.99 (0.29-2.88), 1.16(0.30-2.17), 0.98 (0.47-1.62), 1.57 (0.67-3.43), 3.05 (2.66-3.90), 5.27 (1.34-22.6), and 6.81 (3.40-11.1) µg/g congener 99; 2.09 (0.63-6.70), 2.77 (0.85-4.86), 1.87 (0.86-3.85), 2.97 (1.21-6.49), 6.67 (5.56-7.37), 10.0 (2.18-46.4), and 14.8 (8.72-21.4) mg/kg congener 118; 3.68 (1.23-6.47), 4.35 (1.72-7.61), 3.39 (1.73-6.40), 8.89 (4.26-14.7), 19.7 (14.9-25.7), 15.2 (4.96-65.2), and 21.5 (14.5-31.3) µg/g congener 153; 0.35 (0.10-1.05), 0.47 (0.15-0.76), 0.24 (0.13-0.47), 0.47 (0.20-1.09), 1.19 (1.03-1.45), 2.18 (0.55-9.55), and 2.68 (1.46-4.43) µg/g congener 105; 3.66 (1.12-7.81), 4.59 (1.42-8.25), 3.48 (1.62-6.92), 7.23 (3.39-11.9), 17.8 (14.8-20.1), 16.0 (5.06-67.0), and 21.6 (13.2-30.6) µg/g congener 138; 1.07 (0.36-3.01), 1.52 (0.49-2.59), 1.18 (0.52-2.10), 4.00 (1.92-6.14), 9.08 (5.92-11.4), 5.31 (1.87-20.3), and 7.84 (4.91-10.8) µg/g congener 182; 2.03 (0.71-4.78), 2.87 (1.18-5.72), 1.76 (0.89-3.49), 6.33 (2.95-11.4), 23.3 (15.2-36.6), 8.04 (2.83-30.6), and 12.2 (8.70-18.1) mg/kg congener 180; 0.84 (0.28-1.76), 1.10 (0.39-2.25), 0.74 (0.35-1.64), 2.24 (1.20-3.69), 9.66 (6.48-14.3), 3.38 (1.25-13.0), and 4.94 (3.02-6.52) µg/g congener 170.

For all seven sites, concentrations of congener 81 and congener 189 in osprey chicks were below 8.310 and 0.174 ng/g, respectively. Geometric mean (ranges) non-ortho PCB concentrations at Nechako River, Pitt River, Thompson River, Upper Columbia, Castlegar, Portland, and Lower Columbia, respectively, were: 3660 (762-5780), 2560 (844-7320), 4040 (852-32,600), 5750 (845-23,300), 6070 (3920-8500), 13,500 (4790-31,400), and 18,000 (9970-28,300) pg/g congener 77; 7860 (2150-20,500), 8630 (2470-13,800), 7880 (2560-17,500), 14,200 (2880-60,100), 28,000 (25,200-34,900), 24,400 (11,500-100,000), and 46,400 (23,000-67,800) pg/g congener 126; 2040 (730-3870), 921 (312-1690), 836 (487-1810), 3920 (538-14,100), 7010 (5590-9750), 1760 (810-8240), and 2310 (1270-3350) pg/g congener 169.

For all seven sites, geometric mean concentrations of HCB, DDT, mirex, p-mirex, β-HCH, HE, dieldrin, TCPM, and chlordanes­ (sum of oxychlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, and cis-nonachlor) in chicks were below 0.26, 1.61, 0.58, 1.55, 0.15, 0.65, 0.29, 0.89, and 1.16 µg/g, respectively. Geometric means (ranges) of organochlorine concentrations at Nechako River, Pitt River, Thompson River, Upper Columbia, Castlegar, Portland, and Lower Columbia, respectively, were: 179 (133-307), 82.7 (41.0-237), 54.5 (24.6-85.7), 122 (51.7-402), 196 (99.7-496), 316 (185-588), and 258 (145-389) µg/g DDE and 6.81 (2.44-16.2), 4.42 (1.84-21.2), 3.38 (0.96-9.32), 4.28 (0.74-53.9), 6.27 (1.27-43.2), 18.3 (6.67-37.8), and 16.8 (4.96-57.6) µg/g DDD.

Geometric mean (range) in unhatched and hatched egg concentrations, were, respectively: 3.33  (0.81-22.9) and 2.62 (0.40-9.22) µg/g DDE, 1.08 (0.15-10.0) and 0.83 (0.14-6.67) µg/g PCBs, 2.93 (27.3-2760) and 210 (37.0-1570) pg/g CB-126, 2.21 (0.17-25.5) and 4.34 (0.20-59.4) pg/g 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and 45.8 (8.63-450) and 61.7 (6.03-254) pg/g TEQs. These concentrations were not significantly different between the unhatched eggs and hatched eggs.

B.

Concentrations in Eggs

1.

In the mid-1960s an unhatched egg from Gardiners Island located in the Long Island Sound had a concentration of 13.8 µg/g DDT and other metabolites (Puleston, 1975). Eggs collected in 1967 and 1969 contained similar concentrations. In 1974, DDT in an unhatched egg contained a concentration of 3.59 µg/g.

2.

In 1968 and 1969, eggs were collected from osprey nests in Connecticut and Maryland after documenting a difference in productivity between locations (Wiemeyer et al., 1975). In Connecticut, mean contaminant concentrations were 8.9 µg/g wet weight DDE, 1.3 µg/g DDD, and 15 µg/g PCB. Concentrations of DDT, dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide were, on average, <1 µg/g. Concentrations in Maryland were lower, at means of 2.4 µg/g DDE, 2.6 µg/g PCB and <1 µg/g DDD, DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide.

3.

Nine osprey eggs collected from Ontario between 1969 and 1972 contained geometric mean concentrations of DDE and PCB of 22.0 and 19.4 µg/g dry weight, respectively (Gilbertson and Reynolds, 1974).

4.

From 1969 to 1976 unhatched osprey eggs were collected from Connecticut and eastern Long Island (Spitzer et al., 1978). Within this time period, DDE concentrations were found to decrease fivefold and PCB concentrations showed no significant change. The geometric mean concentration of DDE in unhatched eggs from nests in which no young were produced was higher (113 µg/g dry weight) than in unhatched eggs from nests that produced one (59.6 µg/g) or two (29.1 µg/g) young. Similarly, PCB concentrations were highest in nests in which no young were produced (144 µg/g) than in nests where one (130 µg/g) or two (83.8 µg/g) young were produced. Dieldrin was detected at a maximum concentration of 1.05 µg/g in a nest in which one young was produced.

5.

In 1970 and 1972, 8 eggs were collected from Avalon-Stone Harbor, New Jersey (Wiemeyer et al., 1978). The mean (range) DDE concentration was 14 (6.5-26) µg/g wet weight and mean DDD was 2.9 (1.2-6.8) µg/g. Mean concentrations of DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, mirex, and cis-chlordane were <1 µg/g. PCB concentrations averaged 8.8 (2.5-13) µg/g.

6.

Between 1970 and 1979, osprey eggs were collected from 14 states (Wiemeyer et al., 1988). Eggs were analyzed for the following contaminants: DDE, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, toxaphene, and PCBs. Listed below are only those contaminants detected at geometric mean concentrations >1 µg/g wet weight.

From 1970 to 1978, 112 eggs were collected from 13 locations throughout Maryland. Concentrations ranged from 1.9-6.7 µg/g for DDE, 0.51-1.6 µg/g for DDD, and 2.7 to 12 µg/g for PCBs. Mean kepone concentrations were <1 µg/g.

From 1971 to 1977, 33 eggs were collected from 8 locations in Virginia. Mean concentrations ranged from 1.8-6.2 µg/g DDE and 3.8-14 µg/g PCBs. Concentrations of kepone ranged from 0.05-1.5 µg/g in all eggs collected in 1976 and 1977, except those from Chickahominy River, Virginia (5.0 µg/g in 1977).

In 1972 and 1973, 11 eggs were collected from Coeur d’Alene Lake in Idaho. DDE was detected at a mean concentration of 7.4 µg/g.

From 1972 to 1973, 10 eggs were collected from Northeastern Michigan. DDE was detected at a mean concentration of 5.1 µg/g and PCBs at a mean of 4.2 µg/g.

From 1972 to 1975, 4 eggs were collected from coastal Maine. DDE was detected at a mean concentration of 4.1 µg/g and PCBs at a mean of 4.9 µg/g.

From 1972 to 1973, 7 eggs were collected from the Westport River in Massachusetts. DDE was detected at a mean concentration of 4.2 µg/g and PCBs at a mean of 8.3 µg/g.

In 1973 and 1975, eggs were collected in collected in Indianola (n=1), and Everglades National Park (n=10), Florida. DDE concentrations ranged from 0.35-3.2 µg/g and PCBs concentrations ranged from 0.45-3.0 µg/g.

In 1974, 1 egg was collected from Prime Hook, Delaware. DDE was detected at a concentration of 5.0 µg/g and PCBs at a mean of 4.6 µg/g.

In 1974, 10 eggs were collected randomly and from failed nests in Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina. DDE was detected at concentrations ranging from 0.51-5.4 µg/g and PCBs from 0.86-3.1 µg/g.

From 1974 to 1979, 52 eggs were collected from five locations in New Jersey. Mean concentrations at these locations ranged from 3.7-13 µg/g DDE, 0.36-2.5 µg/g DDD, and 5.0-16 µg/g PCB.

From 1976 to 1977, 6 eggs were collected from Flathead Lake, Montana. DDE was detected at a mean concentration of 11 µg/g and PCBs at a mean of 2.7 µg/g.

From 1976 to 1978, 8 eggs were collected from the Adirondack Mountains and coastal areas of New York. DDE was detected at mean concentrations of 1.7 and 3.7 µg/g, respectively, and PCBs at means of 2.3 and 8.2 µg/g.

One egg was collected from Trumbell Airport in Connecticut in 1977. DDE was detected at a concentration of 2.1 µg/g and PCBs at 11 µg/g.

In 1978, 1 egg was collected from Watts Bar Lake in Tennessee. DDE was detected at a concentration of 4.0 µg/g and PCBs at 21 µg/g.

7.

In 1971 and 1972, 6 eggs were collected from Eagle Lake California (Littrell, 1986). DDE concentrations ranged from 1.13 to 9.6 µg/g wet weight, and DDD from ND-3.3 µg/g. Concentrations of p,p’-DDT were <1 µg/g and o,p’- DDT was not detected. Concentrations of PCB (Aroclor 1254) ranged from 1.8-5.7 µg/g.

8.

From 1971 and 1974, 9 unhatched eggs were collected from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Wiemeyer et al., 1978). DDE was detected at a mean (range) concentration of 16 (7.6-40) µg/g wet weight, and DDD at a mean of 11 (0.49-42) µg/g. Concentrations of DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, mirex and cis-chlordane were <1 µg/g. Mean PCBs concentrations were 9.0 (3.6-36) µg/g.

9.

In 1972, 3 eggs were collected from Seahorse Key, Florida (Szaro, 1978). Each of the eggs contained a developed embryo, but had failed to hatch. DDE was detected at an average concentration of 8.34 µg/g lipid weight and DDD at 3.55 µg/g. Concentrations of DDT and dieldrin were <1 µg/g. PCBs (Aroclor 1254) occurred at an average concentration of 29.9 µg/g.

10.

Eleven fresh osprey eggs collected from 1972 to 1973 at Coeur d'Alene watershed contained mean organochlorine concentrations of 8.53 µg/g DDE, 10.25 µg/g total DDT and 1.18 µg/g PCB (Johnson et al., 1975).

11.

From 1972 to 1977, ospreys nesting in Yellowstone National Park were studied (Swenson, 1979). In 4 osprey eggs which failed to hatch (3 late embryos and 1 addled), DDE was detected at a mean concentration of 7.20 µg/g wet weight and concentrations of PCBs, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, and BHC were <1 µg/g.

12.

Non-viable eggs were collected from Eagle Lake, California from 1973 to 1984 (Littrell, 1986). DDE concentrations ranged from 0.82-22 µg/g wet weight, and DDD from 0.05-2.9 µg/g. Concentrations of DDT, several DDT-metabolites, HCB, BHC, trans-nonachlor, cis-chlordane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and oxychlordane were <1 µg/g. PCB (Aroclor 1260) was detected at a concentration of 5.3 µg/g in one egg and <1 µg/g in all others.

13.

Between 1973 and 1987, osprey eggs were collected from Maryland, Virginia, and Massachusetts (Audet et al., 1992).

In 1973, 11 eggs from Glenn L. Martin National Wildlife Refuge in Maryland contained a median DDE concentration of 3.4 µg/g wet weight and a median PCB concentration of 2.8 µg/g. Median concentrations of DDD, DDT, and dieldrin were <1 µg/g. In 1986, median concentrations of 5 eggs collected from the same location in Maryland were lower at 2.3 µg/g DDE and 1.0 µg/g PCB. DDD, DDT, and dieldrin were not detected.

In 1986, 4 osprey eggs were collected between Narragansett Bay and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Median concentrations of DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin were <1 µg/g, and PCBs were 2.4 µg/g.

In 1987, 5 eggs were collected from the York River area, Mobjack Bay, and Rappahannock River, Virginia. Median concentrations of DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin were <1 µg/g, and PCBs were 3.7 µg/g.

14.

Osprey eggs (N=17) collected from the Rappahannock and York Rivers, Virginia in 1976 contained a median (range) kepone concentration of 0.32 (0.05-1.5) µg/g wet weight based on total egg volume (Stafford et al., 1978).

15.

From 1980-1989, non-viable eggs were collected from nests of known-age ospreys breeding at two sites in Michigan: Fletcher Pond in Alpena and Montmorency Coutnies, and Houghton Lakes in Roscommon County (Ewins et al., 1999).  Organochlorine concentrations in 25 eggs did not differ significantly among age classes (3-4 years old, N=8; 5-9 years old, N=9; 10-15 years old; N=8).  Mean organochlorine concentrations for all age classes combined were 1.16 µg/g wet weight DDE, 1.33 µg/g total DDT, 1.842 total PCBs, and <0.02 µg/g mirex, photo-mirex, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, octachlorostyrene,  α-HCH,  β-HCH,  γ-HCH, 1,2,3,4-TeCB, 1,2,4,5-TeCB, and HCB.  Concentrations of PCB congeners 28 and 49 were <0.1 µg/g, and congener 180 ranged from approximately 0.1-0.5 µg/g.

16.

From 1985 to 1989, addled eggs were collected and, in 1989, normal eggs were randomly collected from three osprey populations in New Jersey: Delaware Bay, Atlantic Coast, and Maurice River (Steidl et al., 1991). The geometric mean concentrations of DDE and PCBs in the Atlantic Coast population, which had been reproducing well, were 1.4 and 4.2 µg/g wet weight, respectively. Only randomly collected eggs were analyzed from Maurice River where geometric mean concentrations were 1.9 µg/g for DDE and 5.7 µg/g for PCBs. Random and addled eggs from Delaware Bay contained geometric mean concentrations of 3.1 µg/g DDE and 8.4 µg/g PCBs. Concentrations of DDD, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor were <1 µg/g at all three sites.

17.

Between 1987 and 1988, nine osprey eggs were collected from South and West Australia (Falkenberg et al., 1994). In all nine samples, concentrations of dieldrin were 0.04 mg/kg or less, DDD were 0.08 µg/g or less, and DDE were 0.08 µg/g or less. Concentrations of DDT in the samples were: <0.04, 0.18, 0.22, 0.01, ND, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.04 µg/g. Five of the eggs had traces of heptachlor epoxide.

18.

From 1992-1996, osprey eggs were collected from 3 areas along the Wisconsin River: one site downstream from bleached kraft-mill facilities (Castle Rock and Petenwell Flowages (CR/P)), and two upstream reference sites (Rainbow Flowage and Mead Wildlife Area) (Woodford et al., 1998). TCDD concentrations were significantly higher in eggs from CR/P (29-148 pg/g wet weight) than Rainbow Flowage (ND-24 pg/g) or Mead Wildlife Area (<1-3 pg/g). Concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs (TCDD-Eq) were also significantly higher at CR/P (52-171 pg/g) than Rainbow Flowage (0.4-28 pg/g) or Mead Wildlife Area (7-9 pg/g). Concentrations of coplanar PCBs (TCDD-Eq), measured at CR/P and Mead Wildlife Area only, were similar between sites and ranged from 17-87 pg/g. Concentrations of DDT (0.5-18 ng/g) and DDE (79-939 ng/g) were measured in eggs collected in 1992 and 1993 from CR/P and Rainbow Flowage only, and were similar between sites. Concentrations of total PCBs, also measured in eggs from 1992 and 1993, were significantly greater at CR/P (809-2745 ng/g) than Rainbow Flowage (200-1694 ng/g). No significant differences were found among years for any compound.

19.

Between 1991 and 1997, 111 osprey eggs were collected from nests in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage basins, in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon (Elliott et al., 2000).  Eggs from 1995 and 1996 were collected and incubated, but did not hatch.  Contaminant concentration ranges and ranges of geometric means(in parentheses) are given in ng/g wet weight.  There was no difference in organochlorine content among years within study areas, therefore values are reported together. Chlordane values are for the sum of cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, and trans-chlordane.  Not all measurements were taken for every year at each site.

Fraser River:

Nechako River 1992 and 1996 (N=7): HCB 0.5-3.8 (ND – 1.1), DDE 382-6890 (1380 – 2360), mirex 0.6-1.5 (0.8 – ND), β-HCH ND - 42.7 (0.5 – 3.2), r-chlordane 2.0-13.0 (3.5 – 6.0), DDD 8.9-585 (86.5 – 106), DDT 2.8-106 (10.3 – 20.2), heptachlor epoxide 1.4-4.8 (2.8 – 3.4), dieldrin ND-6.6 (0.5 – 3.5), and total PCBs 45.4-690 (104 – 351).

Fraser River (below Quesnel) 1991 and 1992 (n=9): HCB ND-1.7 (0.1 – 0.2), DDE 246-5590 (1010 – 1310), mirex ND-15.9 (NC – 2.0), β-HCH ND-12 (NA – 0.4), r-chlordane ND-8.6 (ND – 6.1), DDD 8.9-298 (NA – 53.6), DDT ND-43.6 (NA – 3.1), heptachlor epoxide 0.8-5.1 (1.8 – 3.0), dieldrin ND-7.4 (0.1 – 5.2), and total PCBs 55.1-1,104 (273 – 291).

South Thompson River 1991, 1992, 1997 (n=16): HCB ND-29.9 (0.5 – 3.0), DDE 110-13,900 (1170 – 1800), mirex 1.0-9.2 (NA – 3.3), β-HCH ND-18.1 (NA – 1.3), r-chlordane ND-14.9 (ND – 7.2), DDD 8-513 (NA – 32.9), DDT 1.0-433 (NA – 27.6), heptachlor epoxide ND-5.0 (0.5 – 2.4), dieldrin ND-11.4 (0.1 – 1.5), and total PCBs 132-1010 (251 – 380).

Thompson River 1991, 1992, 1995, 1997 (n=16): HCB ND - 6.1 (ND – 2.6), DDE 336 -10,600 (706 – 3170), mirex ND - 26.1 (ND – 2.8), β-HCH ND - 107 (ND – 5.8), r-chlordane ND - 20.1 (0.1 – 9.0), DDD 3.0 - 1140 (NA – 411), DDT ND-682 (NA – 17.6), heptachlor epoxide ND - 9.7 (0.4 – 4.1), dieldrin ND - 9.6 (ND – 2.2), and total PCBs 85 - 962 (199 – 297).

Pitt River 1996 (n=3): HCB ND, DDE 3,067 - 10,000 (5430), mirex ND, β-HCH ND - 4.4 (0.2), r-chlordane 1.9 - 12.8 (5.0), DDD 441 - 1,230 (663, significantly higher than South Thompson), DDT ND (significantly lower than all sites except Kootenay), heptachlor epoxide ND - 10.6 (1.4), dieldrin ND - 6.3 (0.3), and total PCBs 305 - 648 (436).

Columbia River:

East Kootenay (upper) 1991 (n=8): HCB 1.9 - 3.8 (7.8), DDE 800 - 8,800 (2180), r-chlordane ND - 39 (0.2), heptachlor epoxide 1.0 - 74 (6.4), dieldrin ND - 11 (2.2), and total PCBs 149 - 1,316 (507).

East Kootenay (lower) 1991 (n=8): HCB ND - 2.7 (0.1), DDE 320 - 20,000 (2060), mirex ND - 3.0 (0.1), β-HCH 1.9 - 88.5 (9.0), r-chlordane ND - 13.8 (0.8), DDD 13.5 - 218 (34.7), DDT 1.5 - 24.4 (3.5), heptachlor epoxide 1.9 - 12 (3.3), dieldrin ND - 18 (0.4), and total PCBs 169 - 2,540 (441).

West Kootenay 1991, 1993, 1995 (n=16): HCB ND - 6.8 (0.3 – 5.9), DDE 560 - 11,100 (1,010 – 3,470), mirex ND - 76.5 (2.0 – 6.7), β-HCH ND - 200 (ND – 3.3), r-chlordane 5.1 - 123 (12.0 – 30.2), DDD 8.3 - 666 (49.6 – 107), DDT ND - 81.9 (ND – 18.3), heptachlor epoxide 0.7 - 102 (5.1 – 6.3, significantly higher than South Thompson), dieldrin ND - 35.1 (ND – 5.4, significantly higher than South Thompson), and total PCBs 155 - 2,028 (343 – 996).

Columbia River 1991, 1992, 1993, 1997 (n=22): HCB ND-1888 (1.0 – 2.4), DDE 434-6,403 (1100 – 3770), mirex ND-24 ( 3.1 – 4.9), β-HCH ND-109 (ND – 1.0), r-chlordane 7.1-59.3 (9.3 – 34.4), DDD 3-484 (9.7 – 83.5), DDT ND-263 (2.7 – 38.9), heptachlor epoxide ND-22.2 (0.3 – 7.0), dieldrin ND-28.7 (0.3 – 4.4), and total PCBs 581 - 4,310 (1,220 – 2,360).

Lower Columbia River 1995 and 1996 (n=6): HCB ND - 12.1 (0.6 – 6.8), DDE 1,160 - 22,900 (1,850 – 13,800), mirex ND - 41.7 (ND – 1.4), β-HCH ND-13.2 (0.2 – 6.1), r-chlordane 10.2 - 93.7 (18.8 – 47.6), DDD 49-1,485 (119 – 1,376), DDT 3.3 - 108 (8.7 – 89.7), heptachlor epoxide 3.6 - 33.2 (4.9 – 19.6), dieldrin ND-20.6 (0.2 – 15.2), and total PCBs 1,190 - 11,952 (1,470 – 4,620).

From the complete set of 111 eggs, 22 eggs had DDE>5,000 ng/g, 9 eggs had DDE >10,000 ng/g, and 2 eggs had DDE >20,000 ng/g.  DDT was detected in 95% of eggs, DDD in all eggs, mirex and β-HCH in most eggs, photomirex in 20% of eggs, and α-HCH and γ-HCH were not detected in any eggs.  Eggs were analyzed for 42 PCB congeners, with 153, 138, 180, 182, 118, 99, and 101 making up 60% of total PCBs.  PCB congeners 66, 60, 101, 99, 87, 110, and 118 were elevated in the lower Columbia, and 183, 172, 180, 170, 203, and 204 were elevated in the upper Columbia.

20.

Between 1991-1997, 5 osprey eggs were collected in Norway (Herzke et al., 2002). Concentrations in ng/g wet weight were ΣPCBs 5458 average, and 12927 max, sum of pesticides 2530 average and 5065 max, Σ chlorobornanes 144 average and 616 max.

21.

In New Jersey, osprey eggs were collected in 1998, from the Atlantic coast, Delaware Bay, and the Maurice River area (Clark et al., 2001). Mean concentrations of the following (in mg/g fresh wet weight) for all three regions were: 0.93 DDE, 0.11 DDD, 0.01 DDT, 0.02 heptachlor epoxide, 0.01 oxychlordane, 2.53 total PCBs, 0.70 PCB-1254, 1.179 PCB-1260, 0.01 trans-nonaclor, 0.01 cis-nonaclor, and 0.01 dieldrin. Contaminant concentrations were similar among regions, except for PCB-1260, which was found highest in Delaware Bay eggs. DDE, DDD, total PCBs, oxychlordane, heptachlor epoxide, and trans-nonachlor were significantly lower in 1998.

Geometric means for PCB congeners and TCDD-EQs in osprey eggs for Delaware Bay (N=6), Maurice River (N=5), and the Atlantic coast (N=6) were (in pg/g), respectively: 321.7, 328.8, and 583.4 PCB 77; 97.9, 73.9, and 50.8 PCB 81; 474.2, 685.0, and 574.2 PCB 126; 161.3, 142.8, and 59.7 PCB 169; 125,331.2, 67,903.6, and 65,214.3 PCB 105; 179,305.8, 131,584.4, and 131,724.1 PCB 118; 15,510.8, 10,537.4, and 13,025.3 PCB 123; 63,960.5, 34,057.8, and 30,346.6 PCB 156; 5992.8, 3603.8, and 3933.2 PCB 157; 29,045.2, 17,161.5, and 14,994.0 PCB 167; 4955.6, 2613.4, and 2307.9 PCB 189; 93.88, 109.14, and 75.53 total TCDD-EQs. PCB 114 was not detected.

II.

Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides

No direct exposure data available

III.

Trace Elements, Metals, and Metalloids

A.

Concentrations in Adults, Juveniles, and Nestlings

1.

From 1975 to 1982, hepatic metal concentrations were determined in osprey found dead or moribund from the East Coast, Iowa, and Wisconsin (Wiemeyer, 1987). Concentrations of Cr and As were generally <1 µg/g, except in New Jersey were values reached 1.70 and 3.20 µg/g, respectively. Concentrations of Cu ranged from 1.5-55 µg/g, the greatest values occurring in Maryland. Zinc concentrations ranged from 19-150 µg/g, the greatest values in New Jersey and Virginia. Concentrations of Cd and Ni were <1 µg/g. Concentrations of Hg ranged from 0.28-35 µg/g, the greatest value occurring in Massachusetts. Birds from Wisconsin, Maryland, and Virginia also had high concentrations of Hg (11, 21, 13 µg/g, respectively). Lead concentrations ranged from ND-4.6 µg/g, and Fe from 320 to a high of 2800 µg/g in Virginia.

2.

In 1986, 3 ospreys found dead were collected in Idaho and Oregon: one adult male from the Coeur d’Alene River, one adult male shot on the Santiam River and one hatching year male shot on the Santiam River (Henny et al., 1991). Concentrations of Cd in the kidney were 2.7, 1.0, and 0.02 µg/g wet weight, respectively. Hepatic metal concentrations were 2.7, 4.4 and 4.8 µg/g for Cu, 21, 23, and 39 µg/g for Zn, and <1.0 µg/g for all birds for Pb and As. Mercury was analyzed in the liver of the male from Coeur d’Alene River (0.42 µg/g) and the hatchling (2.1 µg/g).

3.

In 1986 and 1987, adult and nestling ospreys were collected from the Coeur d’Alene River (area of concern), the Coeur d’Alene Lake and Saint Joes River which served as an intermediate site, and the Pend Oreille and Flathead Lakes which served as a control site (Henny et al., 1991).

Concentrations of Pb in blood were highest in adults from the Coeur d’Alene River, (ND-0.82 µg/g wet weight), and lower at the intermediate site (ND-0.34 µg/g) and the reference site (ND-0.16 µg/g). A significant increase in the geometric mean concentration occurred from 1986-87 at the intermediate site (0.04 µg/g to 0.05 µg/g) and the reference site (0.03 µg/g to 0.04 µg/g), though not at the Coeur d’Alene River.

In nestlings, concentrations of Pb in blood were also highest at the Coeur d’Alene River, (ND-0.42 µg/g), and lower at the intermediate site (ND-0.26 µg/g) and the reference site (ND-0.06 µg/g). A significant decrease in the geometric mean concentration occurred at the reference site from 1986-87 (0.03 µg/g to 0.02 µg/g), though no difference was observed at the other two sites.

4.

Mean Hg content ranged from 6.05-15.58 µg/g dry weight in samples of 14-19 osprey primaries and tail feathers collected in Germany (Hahn et al., 1993).

5.

From 1989-1991, feathers were collected from osprey nestlings (35-45 days old) in 118 nests, and nestlings were taken from 23 nests in the James Bay and Hudson Bay regions of Quebec for Hg analysis (DesGranges et al., 1998).  Adult feathers were collected opportunistically around the nesting areas.  In collected nestlings, the proportion of MeHg/total Hg was greater than 90% in stomach contents, blood, brain, and muscle, compared to 74% and 76% in the liver and kidneys, respectively.  Nestlings living near reservoirs tended have to higher Hg/Se tissue ratios when compared to those in “natural habitats”.  Concentrations of Hg in all tissues were significantly higher in ospreys from reservoirs than from “natural” areas: 3.61 and 0.72 µg/g wet weight in liver, respectively, 5.28 and 0.91 µg/g in kidneys, 1.01 and 0.23 µg/g in brain, 1.79 and 0.36 µg/g in muscle, 0.76 and 0.19 in stomach content, 1.94 and 0.39 in blood, 37.35 and 6.96 µg/g dry weight in nestling feathers, and 58.09 and 16.47 µg/g in adult feathers.  The mean number of young fledged did not differ between nests near reservoirs and those near “natural” habitats.

6.

Elemental profiles were determined in flight feathers collected from adult osprey at Clear Lake, California (N=12) and juvenile osprey from four locations--Clear Lake (N=12), Couer d’Alene, Idaho (N=18), St. Joe, Idaho (N=18), and Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California (N=5) (Cahill et al., 1998).  Mean concentrations for adults and juveniles, respectively, at Clear Lake were 32,396 and 34,099 µg/g S, 3547 and 1030 µg/g Ca, 36.7 and 6.48 µg/g Ti, 424 and 96.6 µg/g Fe, trace and 1.01 µg/g Ni, 173 and 151 µg/g Zn, 3.20 and 3.38 µg/g Se, 8.90 and 76.5 µg/g Br, 28.4 and 1.26 µg/g Sr, 20.0 and 5.25 µg/g Hg, and 0.87 µg/g and trace Pb.  Concentrations of V, Cr, As, and Rb were not detected or detected in trace amounts only.  Mean concentrations for juveniles at other sites were similar and ranged from 34,255-34,901 µg/g S, 881-1219 µg/g Ca, 2.06-15.4 µg/g Ti, 26.0-87.9 µg/g Fe, 133.6-148 µg/g Zn, 2.61-5.21 µg/g Se, 15.7-32.5 µg/g Br, ND-0.43 µg/g Rb, 0.81-2.44 µg/g Sr, ND-2.25 µg/g Hg, and trace-7.78 µg/g Pb.  Concentrations of V, Cr, Ni, and As were not detected or detected in trace amounts only at these sites.  Concentrations of Hg were significantly greater in juveniles at Clear Lake compared to other sites, though reproduction was not depressed at this site.  Concentrations of Pb at Coeur d’Alene were approximately seven times higher than other sites.

7.

In 1988-1989, feathers were collected from osprey nestlings (n=17), mostly from within 50 km of Helsinki in Uusimaa, southern Finland, (Solonen et al., 1999). Analysis of the secondary flight feathers gave the following median (and range) of concentrations in µg/g dry weight: Al 58 (33-110), Cu 6.8 (5.6-8.6), Zn 110 (98-140), Cd 0.26 (0.04-1.10), and Pb 0.8 (0.6-2.7). 

8.

Between 1991 and 1994, adult and nestling osprey feathers were collected from St. Marys River, Georgian Bay, Kawartha Lakes, and Ogoki Reservoir in Ontario, Canada, and from Delaware Bay, New Jersey (Hughes et al., 1997).

In 1991, mean (range) Hg concentrations (in mg/g dry weight) of osprey chick feathers were: 7.86 (5.90-10.10) at St. Marys River (N=7), 4.63 (2.60-6.80) at Georgian Bay (N=8), and 2.81 (1.10-5.00) at Kawartha Lakes (N=9). In 1992, mean (range) Hg concentrations (in mg/g) of osprey chick feathers were: 6.77 (5.8-8.33) at St. Marys River (N=5), 4.46 (1.57-5.66) at Georgian Bay (N=5), 3.67 (2.66-5.18) at Kawartha Lakes (N=10), 10.98 (7.61-17.00) at Ogoki Reservoir (N=5), and 2.26 (1.81-2.73) at Delaware Bay (N=4).  In 1991 and 1992, there were significant differences between Hg concentrations in chick feathers among Ontario and New Jersey study areas.

Between 1991 and 1994, 14 chick feather samples from Delaware Bay had a mean Hg concentration of 2.14 mg/g and 7 samples from along the Atlantic Coast in New Jersey averaged 3.35 mg/g. The Hg concentrations in the chicks were significantly related to the concentrations in the eggs collected from the same years.

In 1991, mean (range) Hg concentrations (in mg/g dry weight) of adult osprey feathers from the Great Lakes area were: 28.8 (17.3-40.2) at St. Marys River (N=2), 21.1 (7.5-47.9) at Georgian Bay (N=5), and 6.7 (5.3-7.6) at Kawartha Lakes (N=4). St. Marys River, Ontario, adult osprey feathers had significantly higher levels of Hg than did those from Kawartha Lakes, Ontario.  Mean Hg concentrations in adult osprey feathers were 2.4-4.6 times higher than those of chick feathers.

B.

Concentrations in Eggs

1.

In 1969, Hg was determined in osprey eggs from Maryland ( 0.14 µg/g wet weight) and Connecticut ( 0.13 µg/g) (Wiemeyer et al., 1975).

2.

In 1972, six fresh osprey eggs collected from Coeur d'Alene contained a mean Hg concentration of 0.090 µg/g (Melquist, 1974).

3.

In 1973 and 1978, concentrations of Hg were <1 µg/g wet weight in osprey eggs collected from Idaho, New Jersey, Maryland, and Florida (Wiemeyer et al., 1988).

4.

In 1973, 1986, and 1987, median Hg concentrations ranged from 0.03-0.24 µg/g wet weight in eggs collected from Maryland, Virginia, and Massachusetts (Audet et al., 1992).

5.

From 1985 and 1989, Hg concentrations were low in osprey eggs collected from the Atlantic Coast (0.17 µg/g wet weight), the Maurice River (0.10 µg/g), and Delaware Bay (0.09 µg/g) (Steidl et al., 1991).

6.

Mercury exposure was measured in osprey eggs collected between 1989-1991 from nests in the James Bay and Hudson Bay regions of Quebec (DesGranges et al., 1998).  Concentrations of Hg were similar in eggs collected from nests near reservoirs (0.22 µg/g wet weight, N=18) and eggs collected from “natural” areas (0.18 µg/g, N=33).

7.

In 1991 and 1992, osprey eggs were collected from St. Marys River, Georgian Bay, Kawartha Lakes, and Ogoki Reservoir in Ontario, Canada, and from Delaware Bay, New Jersey (Hughes et al. 1994).

In 1991, mean (range) Hg concentrations (in mg/g dry weight) of osprey eggs were: 0.63 (0.50-0.76) at St. Marys River (N=2), 0.89 (0.33-2.19) at Georgian Bay (N=10), 0.53 (0.11-0.95) at Kawartha Lakes (N=13). Mean Hg concentrations in osprey eggs from Ontario were not significantly different in 1991. In 1992, mean (range) Hg concentrations (in mg/g) of osprey eggs were: 0.64 (0.45-1.10) at St. Marys River (N=6), 0.61 (0.26-1.75) at Georgian Bay (N=7), 0.32 (0.15-0.78) at Kawartha Lakes (N=9), 1.40 (0.70-2.15) at Ogoki Reservoir (N=8), 0.42 (0.19-0.71) at Delaware Bay (N=5). Differences in Hg concentrations were found in 1992 when two more areas were added to the study.  When data from both years were pooled, the eggs from Ogoki Reservoir had significantly higher Hg concentrations than the other sites except for Georgian Bay.

8.

Between 1991 and 1997, 111 osprey eggs were collected from nests in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage basins, in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon (Elliott et al., 2000).  Eggs from 1995 and 1996 were collected and incubated, but did not hatch.  Hg concentrations in the eggs did not vary between sites or years, with the exception of significantly lower Hg at Quesnel in 1992. Contaminant concentration are given in ng/g dry weight.  Ranges and range of geometric means across years (in parentheses) of Hg concentrations were: Nechako River 16.0 – 216 (74.7), Fraser River below Quesnel 27.2 – 57.6 (34.1), South Thompson River 32.0 – 243 (95.3 - 97.4), Thompson River 30.0 – 238 (56.5 – 118), Kootenay River west 22.8 – 164 (66.4 – 70.1), Columbia River 39.6 – 184 (57.5 – 96.0).  Not all measurements were taken for every year at each site.

9.

In New Jersey, 1998, six osprey eggs were collected from the Atlantic coast, six from Delaware Bay, and five from the Maurice River area (Clark et al., 2001). Mean Hg concentrations for all three areas were 0.12 mg/g fresh wet weight and Pb concentrations were 0.30 mg/g.

IV.

Petroleum

No residue data available 

Osprey Contaminant Response Data

I.

Organochlorine Contaminants

1.

Compared to 1947 values, eggshell thinning occurred in eggs collected between 1967 and 1969 in Maryland (12%) and Connecticut (15%) (Wiemeyer et al., 1975).

2.

From 1969 to 1976, a correlation was found between eggshell thickness and DDE concentration in eggs from eastern Long Island and Connecticut (Spitzer et al., 1978). As the concentration of DDE fell, specifically below 60 µg/g dry weight, productivity was found to increase.

3.

Compared to pre-1947 values, eggshell thinning occurred in osprey eggs collected from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, in 1971 (4%) and 1974 (19%) (Wiemeyer et al., 1978). In the Avalon-Stone Harbor Area, eggshell thinning was 12%. Osprey populations from both locations declined due to poor reproduction between 1970 and 1974

4.

In 1972, eggshell thickness was 8-9% thinner than "established normal values" for this species in 7 eggs collected from Seahorse Key, Florida (Szaro, 1978).

5.

Mean thickness of 11 eggs collected from the Coeur d’Alene watershed in 1972 and 1973 was 17% thinner than shells collected from 1880-1932 (Johnson et al., 1975).

6.